Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of U-M employees, dependents, and retirees 40–64 years of age with Premier Care insurance, without known diabetes, prediabetes, or normal HbA1c stratified by risk for prediabetes, testing, and diagnosis
| Aged 40–64 years | Lower risk for prediabetes | Higher risk for prediabetes | P value | Any HbA1c or prediabetes or diabetes diagnosis | No HbA1c or prediabetes or diabetes diagnosis | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 20,797 (36) | 15,578 (75) | 5,219 (25) | — | 1,416 (27) | 3,803 (73) | — |
| Age (years) | 51 ± 7 | 50 ± 7 | 56 ± 6 | <0.0001 | 56 ± 6 | 56 ± 6 | 0.6209 |
| Sex | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Women | 11,679 (56) | 10,667 (68) | 1,012 (19) | 369 (26) | 643 (17) | ||
| Men | 9118 (44) | 4,911 (32) | 4,207 (81) | 1047 (74) | 3,160 (83) | ||
| Race | <0.0001 | 0.0278 | |||||
| Asian | 1,322 (8) | 976 (8) | 346 (8) | 97 (8) | 249 (7) | ||
| Black | 817 (5) | 741 (7) | 76 (2) | 31 (3) | 45 (1) | ||
| White | 14,402 (86) | 10,334 (85) | 4,068 (89) | 1,076 (88) | 2,992 (90) | ||
| Other | 212 (1) | 154 (1) | 58 (1) | 19 (2) | 39 (1) | ||
| At least one PCP visit in past year | 13,677 (66) | 9,860 (63) | 3,817 (73) | <0.0001 | 1,079 (76) | 2,738 (72) | 0.0023 |
| At least one specialist visit in past year | 11,062 (53) | 8,102 (52) | 2,960 (57) | <0.0001 | 868 (61) | 2,092 (55) | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 6.3 | 27.3 ± 5.7 | 32.6 ± 6.3 | <0.0001 | 33.4 ± 6.7 | 32.2 ± 6.0 | <0.0001 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||||
| Systolic | 122 ± 16 | 119 ± 14 | 132 ± 15 | <0.0001 | 132 ± 15 | 132 ± 15 | 0.9500 |
| Diastolic | 74 ± 10 | 72 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 | <0.0001 | 78 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 | 0.0071 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | 201 ± 37 | 202 ± 36 | 197 ± 39 | <0.0001 | 195 ± 39 | 197 ± 37 | 0.1325 |
| HDL | 57 ± 17 | 61 ± 17 | 47 ± 12 | <0.0001 | 48 ± 14 | 47 ± 11 | 0.3526 |
| Women | 64 ± 17 | 65 ± 17 | 53 ± 13 | <0.0001 | 54 ± 15 | 52 ± 12 | 0.2497 |
| Men | 49 ± 13 | 52 ± 14 | 46 ± 11 | <0.0001 | 45 ± 12 | 46 ± 11 | 0.5739 |
| Triglycerides | 129 ± 91 | 115 ± 73 | 161 ± 117 | <0.0001 | 164 ± 134 | 159 ± 110 | 0.4770 |
| LDL | 118 ± 32 | 118 ±31 | 118 ± 33 | 0.9484 | 114 ± 33 | 119 ± 33 | 0.0016 |
| Claims diagnosis of | |||||||
| Overweight/obesity | 3,538 (17) | 1,788 (11) | 1,750 (34) | <0.0001 | 581 (41) | 1,169 (31) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 4,139 (20) | 1,818 (12) | 2,321 (44) | <0.0001 | 701 (50) | 1,620 (43) | <0.0001 |
| Any antihypertensive medication | 3,945 (19) | 1,915 (12) | 2,030 (39) | <0.0001 | 631 (45) | 1,299 (37) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 3,126 (15) | 1,624 (10) | 1,502 (29) | <0.001 | 464 (33) | 1,038 (27) | 0.0001 |
| Any lipid-lowering medication | 1,791 (9) | 724 (5) | 1,067 (20) | <0.0001 | 346 (24) | 721 (19) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking | 681 (3) | 427 (3) | 254 (5) | <0.0002 | 73 (5) | 181 (5) | 0.5544 |
| Women | 343 (3) | 290 (3) | 53 (5) | <0.0001 | 23 (6) | 30 (5) | 0.2813 |
| Men | 338 (4) | 137 (3) | 201 (5) | <0.0001 | 50 (5) | 151 (5) | 0.9969 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 843 (4) | 421 (3) | 422 (8) | <0.0001 | 138 (10) | 284 (7) | 0.0073 |
| Geocoded indicators | |||||||
| Median neighborhood income ($) | 72,239 | 72,232 | 72,263 | 0.9168 | 71,764 | 72,448 | 0.2194 |
| Percent unemployment | 34.9 ± 4.7 | 34.8 ± 4.8 | 34.9 ± 4.6 | 0.4613 | 34.9 ± 4.7 | 34.9 ± 4.6 | 0.7631 |
| Percent receiving food stamps | 7.7 ± 5.7 | 7.7 ± 5.8 | 7.7 ± 5.6 | 0.6638 | 7.9 ± 5.6 | 7.6 ± 5.6 | 0.1522 |
Data are N (%) or mean ± SD.