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. 2021 Jul 30;22:214. doi: 10.1186/s12931-021-01811-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Expression of biomarkers associated with inflammation [interleukin (IL)-6], tight junctions [zonula occludens (ZO)-1], epithelial cell damage [club cell protein (CC)-16], extracellular matrix remodeling (versican, syndecan-1), and endothelial cell damage [(vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)]. Relative gene expression was calculated as a ratio of the average gene expression levels compared with the reference gene (acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0, 36B4) and expressed as fold change relative to non-ventilated animals (NV). Boxes show the interquartile (25–75%) range, whiskers encompass the range (minimum to maximum), and horizontal lines represent median values of 7 animals/group. Rats received a standard (10 mL/kg/h, NORMO) or high (30 mL/kg/h, HIGH) volume of Ringer’s lactate. FAST: abrupt PEEP decrease from 9 to 3 cmH₂O; SLOW: gradual PEEP decrease (0.2 cmH₂O/min) from 9 to 3 cmH₂O