Table 4.
Estimates of effect size for AKI development among critically ill children and young adults with confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection.
| Potential variables of interesta | Total N (%) | Risk of AKI | Univariate risk difference (95% CI) | Univariate risk ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Multivariate risk ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age categories | |||||||
| 0–5 years | 48 (26.8) | 37.5% | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 5–13 years | 49 (27.4) | 32.7% |
−4.9% (−23.8, 14.1) |
0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.62 | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 0.13 |
| ≥13 years | 82 (45.8) | 48.8% |
11.3% (−6.2, 28.7) |
1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.21 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) | 0.76 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 97 (54.2) | 43.3% |
4.3% (−10.2, 18.7) |
1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.56 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.39 |
| Race | |||||||
| Caucasian | 73 (40.8) | 38.4% | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Black | 50 (27.9) | 54.0% |
15.6% (−2.1, 33.4) |
1.4 (1.0–2.1) | 0.09 | 1.8 (0.6–5.4) | 0.29 |
| Other | 6 (3.4) | 66.7% |
28.3% (−11.0, 67.6) |
1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 0.22 | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Hispanic | 66 (36.9) | 27.3% |
−26.8% (−41.8, −11.8) |
0.5 (0.3–0.8) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.3-0.9) | 0.03 |
| Body mass index categoriesb | |||||||
| Underweight | 20 | 50.0% |
5.7% (−19.5, 31.0) |
1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 0.65 | ||
| Normal weight | 61 | 44.3% | Reference | Reference | |||
| Overweight | 21 | 47.6% |
3.4% (−21.4, 28.1) |
1.1 (0.6–1.8) | 0.79 | ||
| Obese | 50 | 34.0% |
−10.3% (−28.4, 7.8) |
0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.27 | ||
| Any comorbidities | 125 (69.8) | 41.6% |
0.9% (−14.8, 16.6) |
1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.91 | 0.7 (0.5–1.2) | 0.18 |
| Admission diagnosisc | |||||||
| Sepsis/infection | 38 (21.2) | 36.8% |
−5.7% (−23.1, 11.7) |
0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.53 | ||
| CNS-related | 16 (8.9) | 18.8% |
−24.8% (−45.4, −4.2) |
0.4 (0.2–1.2) | 0.06 | 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 0.12 |
| Metabolic | 11 (6.2) | 18.2% |
−24.7% (−48.7, −0.7) |
0.4 (0.1–1.5) | 0.13 | ||
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 7 (3.9) | 42.9% |
1.6% (−35.8, 39.0) |
1.0 (0.4–2.5) | 1.00 | ||
| Other | 22 (12.3) | 31.8% |
−10.9% (−31.8, 10.1) |
0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.33 | ||
| Nephrotoxic medication used | 73 (40.8) | 41.1% |
−0.4% (−15.1, 14.3) |
1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.96 | ||
| Invasive respiratory support | 47 (26.3) | 55.3% |
19.0% (2.5, 35.4) |
1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.02 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.45 |
| Vasopressor use | 42 (23.5) | 59.5% |
23.8% (6.9, 40.6) |
1.7 (1.2–2.3) | <0.01 | 1.0 (0.6–1.6) | 0.92 |
| ECMO use | 4 (2.2) | 75.0% |
34.4% (−8.6, 77.5) |
1.8 (1.0–3.3) | 0.31 | ||
Table presents the univariate risk differences and risk ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. The multivariate model includes age category, gender, center, race, ethnicity, presence or absence of comorbidities, CNS-associated admission diagnosis, invasive respiratory use, and vasopressor use.
AKI acute kidney injury, CI confidence interval, CNS central nervous system, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
aFor variables where a reference category is not specified in the table, the references are as follows: Gender reference is female. The ethnicity reference is non-Hispanic. Comorbidities reference is no comorbidities. Reference for admission diagnoses is the absence of that diagnosis. Reference for nephrotoxic medication use is the absence of use, and similarly for invasive respiratory support, vasopressor use, and ECMO use.
bBody mass index categories missing for 27 patients.
cAdmission diagnosis categories were not mutually exclusive and patients could have multiple diagnoses.
dNephrotoxic medications were defined based on the nephrotoxic injury negated by the just-in-time action (NINJA) initiative list.