Table 5.
Severity of AKI in critically ill children and young adults with suspected SARS-CoV2 infection.
| Characteristics | Total | No AKI | AKI stage 1 | AKI stage 2–3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 331 | 207 (62.5) | 61 (18.4) | 63 (19.0) | |
| SARS-CoV2 status | |||||
| Confirmed positive | 179 (54.1) | 105 (50.7) | 39 (63.9) | 35 (55.6) | |
| Suspected, tested negative | 87 (26.3) | 59 (28.5) | 14 (23.0) | 14 (22.2) | |
| Suspected, unknown test results | 65 (19.6) | 43 (20.8) | 8 (13.1) | 14 (22.2) | |
| Date of enrollment | |||||
| Week 1 (April 15) | 47 (14.2) | 26 (12.6) | 11 (18.0) | 10 (15.9) | |
| Week 2 (April 22) | 39 (11.8) | 22 (10.6) | 9 (14.8) | 8 (12.7) | |
| Week 3 (April 29) | 29 (8.8) | 20 (9.7) | 7 (11.5) | 2 (3.2) | |
| Week 4 (May 6) | 29 (8.8) | 16 (7.7) | 5 (8.2) | 8 (12.7) | |
| Week 5 (May 13) | 43 (13.0) | 25 (12.1) | 6 (9.8) | 12 (19.1) | |
| Week 6 (May 20) | 33 (10.0) | 20 (9.7) | 3 (4.9) | 10 (15.9) | |
| Week 7 (May 27) | 21 (6.3) | 13 (6.3) | 4 (6.6) | 4 (6.4) | |
| Week 8 (June 3) | 23 (7.0) | 16 (7.7) | 2 (3.3) | 5 (7.9) | |
| Week 9 (June 10) | 23 (7.0) | 18 (8.7) | 3 (4.9) | 2 (3.2) | |
| Week 10 (June 17) | 17 (5.1) | 11 (5.3) | 4 (6.6) | 2 (3.2) | |
| Week 11 (June 24) | 27 (8.2) | 20 (9.7) | 7 (11.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Age, years (median, IQR) | 11 (3, 16) | 10 (2, 16) | 14 (7, 17) | 13 (6, 16) | |
| Age categories | |||||
| Infants/young children (0–<5 years) | 100 (30.2) | 74 (35.8) | 11 (18.0) | 15 (23.8) | |
| School-aged children (5–<13 years) | 87 (26.3) | 53 (25.6) | 16 (26.2) | 18 (28.6) | |
| Adolescents/young adults (13–25 years) | 144 (43.5) | 80 (38.7) | 34 (55.7) | 30 (47.6) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 146 (44.1) | 93 (44.9) | 27 (44.3) | 26 (41.3) | |
| Male | 185 (55.9) | 114 (55.1) | 34 (55.7) | 37 (58.7) | |
| Race | |||||
| Caucasian | 159 (48.0) | 107 (51.7) | 27 (44.3) | 25 (39.7) | |
| Black | 84 (25.4) | 47 (22.7) | 13 (21.3) | 24 (38.1) | |
| Other | 9 (2.7) | 4 (1.9) | 4 (6.6) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Unknown | 79 (23.9) | 49 (23.7) | 17 (27.9) | 13 (20.6) | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic, non-Latino, non-Spanish | 195 (58.9) | 115 (55.6) | 38 (62.3) | 42 (66.7) | |
| Hispanic, Latino, Spanish | 85 (25.7) | 64 (30.9) | 12 (19.7) | 9 (14.3) | |
| Unknown | 51 (15.4) | 28 (13.5) | 11 (18.0) | 12 (19.1) | |
| Body mass index categoriesa | |||||
| Underweight | 36 (10.9) | 20 (9.7) | 6 (9.8) | 10 (15.9) | |
| Normal weight | 118 (35.7) | 74 (35.8) | 24 (39.3) | 20 (31.8) | |
| Overweight | 30 (9.1) | 18 (8.7) | 9 (14.8) | 3 (4.8) | |
| Obese | 79 (23.9) | 53 (25.6) | 13 (21.3) | 13 (20.6) | |
| Location | |||||
| United States | 298 (90.0) | 189 (91.3) | 54 (88.5) | 55 (87.3) | |
| Canada | 13 (3.9) | 7 (3.4) | 2 (3.3) | 4 (6.4) | |
| Western Europe | 9 (2.7) | 6 (2.9) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (1.6) | |
| Eastern Europe/Russia | 10 (3.0) | 5 (2.4) | 2 (3.3) | 3 (4.8) | |
| Middle East | <5 | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| Any chronic conditionb | 233 (70.4) | 145 (70.1) | 48 (78.7) | 40 (63.5) | |
| No chronic condition | 98 (29.6) | 62 (30.0) | 13 (21.3) | 23 (36.5) | |
| Asthma | 42 (12.7) | 25 (12.1) | 12 (19.7) | 5 (7.9) | |
| Seizures/epilepsy | 44 (13.3) | 29 (14.0) | 7 (11.5) | 8 (12.7) | |
| Congenital heart disease (corrected and uncorrected) | 30 (9.1) | 18 (8.7) | 7 (11.5) | 5 (7.9) | |
| Cancer (in therapy, remission) | 29 (8.8) | 12 (5.8) | 9 (14.8) | 8 (12.7) | |
| Cerebral palsy/encephalopathy | 34 (10.3) | 21 (10.1) | 5 (8.2) | 8 (12.7) | |
| Chronic ventilation | 36 (10.9) | 25 (12.1) | 7 (11.5) | 4 (6.3) | |
| Diabetes | 18 (5.4) | 8 (3.9) | 5 (8.2) | 5 (7.9) | |
| Hypertension | 13 (3.9) | 6 (2.9) | 3 (4.9) | 4 (6.3) | |
| Baseline eGFR, median (IQR)c | 125 (93, 180) | 129 (100, 181) | 112 (77, 159) | 108 (79, 196) | |
| Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dl, median (IQR)c | 0.38 (0.23, 0.66) | 0.34 (0.22, 0.58) | 0.39 (0.27, 1.11) | 0.50 (0.20, 0.72) | |
| Admission serum creatinine, mg/dl, median (range)d | 0.52 (0.33, 0.81) | 0.40 (0.26, 0.60) | 0.76 (0.50, 1.00) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.37) | |
| Admission reasons | |||||
| Shock/hemodynamic instability | 91 (27.5) | 38 (18.4) | 21 (34.4) | 32 (50.8) | |
| Sepsis/infection | 77 (23.3) | 43 (20.8) | 11 (18.0) | 23 (36.5) | |
| Respiratory distress | 159 (48.0) | 103 (49.8) | 30 (49.2) | 26 (41.3) | |
| CNS symptoms | 39 (11.8) | 34 (16.4) | 2 (3.3) | 3 (4.8) | |
| Metabolic derangements | 18 (5.4) | 11 (5.3) | 5 (8.2) | 2 (3.2) | |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 10 (3.0) | 5 (2.4) | 2 (3.3) | 3 (4.8) | |
| Other | 48 (14.5) | 31 (15.0) | 8 (13.1) | 9 (14.3) | |
Data presented as N (column percentages) except where indicated.
AKI acute kidney injury, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2), IQR interquartile range.
aBMI/weight-for-height data missing for 68 patients. BMI categories based on CDC definitions; weight-for-height for those <2 years of age, BMI percentile for those 2–20 years, and adult BMI categories for those >20 years.
bCommon chronic conditions presented for those where at least 10 patients had the condition.
cBaseline eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) / creatinine (mg/dl) missing for 204 patients, so for the remainder it was estimated based on standard estimating equations (see “Methods” section).
dAdmission creatinine value missing on four patients.