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. 2021 Jul 14;12:689619. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689619

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Copyright © 2021 Fu, Yu, Zhu, Li, Yin, Shang, Chou, Tan and He.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Direct regulation of intracellular c-di-GMP concentration by Hfq. (A) Hfq increases the expression of hmsP PDE gene at the transcriptional level by an unknown mechanism and reduce the expression of HmsT DGC at the post-transcriptional level, causing a decline of c-di-GMP level to affect its biofilm formation. (B) Hfq simultaneously inhibits the expression of two DGCs (GcpA and GcpL) by an unknown mechanism to decrease c-di-GMP biosynthesis, leading to a decreased virulence. (C) With the assistance of Hfq, sRNA Qrr can base pair with the leader sequence of the DGC gene vca0939 mRNA to expose the ribosome binding site for increasing Vca0939 production, leading to increasing c-di-GMP level and biofilm formation.