TABLE 2. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen seroprevalence based on representative population-based serosurveys or among pregnant women during antenatal screening in selected countries — World Health Organization European Region, 2003–2019.
| Country | Year | Geographic area | Age group, yrs (sample size) | Vaccination status* | HBsAg prevalence, % (95% CI)† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Population-based representative serosurveys
| |||||
| Germany§ |
2008–2011 |
Nationwide |
≥18 (7,047) |
Prevaccine and partially vaccinated |
0.3 (0.2–0.6) |
| Netherlands¶ |
2007 |
Nationwide |
0–79 (6,246) |
Prevaccine |
Overall, 0.2 (0.1–0.4) |
| Dutch, 0.1 (0.0–0.4) | |||||
| Foreign-born, 1.1 (0.4–2.7) | |||||
| Portugal** |
2012–2014 |
Nationwide |
≥18 (1,685) |
Pre- and postvaccine |
Post-vaccine (18–34 yrs), 0.1 (NR) |
| Spain†† |
2017–2018 |
Nationwide |
2–80 (6,056) |
Pre- and postvaccine |
Post-vaccine (2–19 yrs), 0 (NR) |
| Combined pre-and postvaccine (20–80 yrs), 0.22 (0.10–0.35) | |||||
| Tajikistan§§ |
2010 |
Nationwide |
1–24 (2,188) |
Pre- and postvaccine |
Postvaccine (1–6 yrs), 0.4 (0.1–1.3) |
|
Among pregnant women (in countries with selective hepatitis B birth dose vaccination policy)
| |||||
| Croatia¶¶ |
2016–2018 |
Nationwide |
NA |
NA |
<0.2 |
| Denmark*** |
2019 |
Nationwide |
NA |
NA |
Overall, 0.25 |
| Danish-born, <0.01 | |||||
| Foreign-born, 0.25 | |||||
| Finland††† |
2005–2009 |
Nationwide |
NA |
NA |
0.13 |
| Ireland§§§ |
2004–2009 |
Western Ireland |
NA |
NA |
0.21 |
| Italy¶¶¶ |
2008–2009 |
Twelve regions |
NA |
NA |
Overall, 0.86 |
| Italian-born, 0.4 | |||||
| Foreign-born, 2.5 | |||||
| Netherlands**** |
2012–2016 |
Nationwide |
NA |
NA |
0.3 |
| Norway†††† |
2003–2004 |
Northern Norway |
NA |
NA |
0.1 |
| Spain§§§§ |
2015 |
Nationwide |
NA |
NA |
0.42 |
| UK¶¶¶¶ | 2015 | England | NA | NA | 0.4 |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; HBsAg = hepatitis B virus surface antigen; HepB = hepatitis B vaccine; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; UK = United Kingdom.
* Postvaccine = age groups eligible for vaccination with HepB; prevaccine = age groups not eligible for HepB vaccination; partially vaccinated = age groups in which some people were vaccinated before nationwide introduction of routine childhood HepB vaccination; combined pre- and postvaccine = age group for which estimates are provided include both pre- and postvaccine cohorts.
† Applicable to population-based serosurveys only.
§ https://edoc.rki.de/bitstream/handle/176904/1530/221UAZ0QXaYVg.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed = y
§§ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15007665
¶¶ The report submitted to the WHO European Regional Hepatitis B Working Group.
§§§ http://archive.imj.ie//ViewArticleDetails.aspx?ContentID = 3961
¶¶¶ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2010.11.014
**** The report submitted to the WHO European Regional Hepatitis B Working Group.
†††† Kristiansen MG, Eriksen BO, Maltau JM, et al. Prevalences of viremic hepatitis C and viremic hepatitis B in pregnant women in Northern Norway. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2009;56:1141–5.
§§§§ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233528