Table 1.

List of proposed biomarkers associated with neuroendocrine prostate cancer

Gene symbol	Gene name	Regulation*	Reference
CHGA/CHGB	Chromogranin A and B	+	[11]
NSE/ENO2	Neuron-specific enolase	+
SYP	Synaptophysin synaptic vesicle protein p38	+	[11]
AURKA	Aurora kinase A	+	[11,12]
N-MYC	Neuroblastoma-derived Myc	+	[13]
EZH2	Enhancer of Zeste 2 (polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit)	+	[12,14]
CALC1	Calcitonin	+	[15]
FOXA2	Forkhead box A2	+	[16,17]
SRRM4	Serine/arginine repetitive matrix 4	+	[18]
POU3F2/BRN2	POU class 3 homeobox 2	+	[19]
SOX2 and SOX11	Sex-determining region Y-box 2 and 11	+	[19,20,21
TMPRSS2-ERG	TMPRSS2-ERG gene rearrangement	Gene fusion	[22,23]
PEG10	Paternally expressed10	+	[24]
SCG2/SCG3	Secretogranin II and III	+	[25]
ASH1/ASCL1	Human achaete-scute homolog 1	+	[26]
NCAM1/CD56	Neural cell adhesion molecule	+	[8]
DNMT	DNA methyltransferase	+	[27]
KDMs	Histone demethylases	+	[28]
ONECUT2	Transcription factor, driver of NEPC	+	[29]
AR	Androgen receptor	-	[11]
PSA/KLK3	Prostate-specific antigen/kallikrein-3	-	[11]
RB1	Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene	Gene loss	[8]
TP53	Tumor protein p53	Gene loss	[30]
REST	RE1 silencing transcription factor	-	[31]
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homolog	-	[13,32]
CCND1	Cyclin D1	-	[33]
FOXA1	Forkhead box A1	-	[34]

*Regulation: +, upregulated; -, downregulated. NE: Neuroendocrine, NEPC: Neuroendocrine prostate cancer