Table 6. Performance results without re-sampling.

Classifier	Accuracy	Class	Precision	Recall	F1 Score
RF	0.88	Hernia	0.83	0.71	0.77
		Normal	0.87	0.87	0.87
		Spondylolisthesis	0.92	0.96	0.94
		Macro avg.	0.87	0.85	0.86
		Weighted Avg.	0.88	0.87	0.88
LR	0.83	Hernia	0.70	0.50	0.58
		Normal	0.81	0.83	0.82
		Spondylolisthesis	0.90	0.97	0.93
		Macro avg.	0.81	0.77	0.78
		Weighted Avg.	0.83	0.83	0.83
ETC	0.83	Hernia	0.82	0.64	0.72
		Normal	0.82	0.77	0.79
		Spondylolisthesis	0.86	0.97	0.90
		Macro avg.	0.83	0.79	0.81
		Weighted Avg.	0.84	0.83	0.83
AB	0.82	Hernia	0.75	0.64	0.69
		Normal	0.81	0.80	0.80
		Spondylolisthesis	0.87	0.91	0.89
		Macro avg.	0.80	0.78	0.79
		Weighted Avg.	0.83	0.82	0.82
SVM	0.85	Hernia	0.64	0.54	0.58
		Normal	0.77	0.80	0.78
		Spondylolisthesis	0.95	0.97	0.96
		Macro avg.	0.79	0.77	0.78
		Weighted Avg.	0.84	0.85	0.84