TABLE 3.
Stratified analyses of the associations between total magnesium intake and risk of liver cancer, NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study 1995–20111
| Quartiles of magnesium intake | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (low): mean ± SD = 288 ± 58 mg | Q2: mean ± SD = 341 ± 65 mg | Q3: mean ± SD = 387 ± 74 mg | Q4 (high): mean ± SD = 499 ± 131 mg | |||||||
| Liver cancer (1067 cases) | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) | Cases, n | HR (95% CI) | P-trend | P-interaction |
| Alcohol use | 0.04 | |||||||||
| Not moderate/heavy (n = 571) | 151 | 1.00 (Ref) | 133 | 0.93 (0.69, 1.25) | 126 | 0.86 (0.63, 1.19) | 161 | 0.84 (0.56, 1.26) | 0.34 | |
| Moderate/heavy (n = 496) | 102 | 1.00 (Ref) | 121 | 0.94 (0.69, 1.27) | 136 | 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) | 137 | 0.54 (0.35, 0.82) | 0.006 | |
| Smoking status | 0.14 | |||||||||
| Never smoker (n = 280) | 77 | 1.00 (Ref) | 71 | 0.83 (0.58, 1.20) | 63 | 0.68 (0.45, 1.03) | 69 | 0.53 (0.30, 0.92) | 0.02 | |
| Ever smoker (n = 745) | 162 | 1.00 (Ref) | 177 | 0.99 (0.76, 1.28) | 190 | 0.91 (0.69, 1.20) | 216 | 0.72 (0.50, 1.02) | 0.07 | |
| Calcium-to-magensium intake ratio | 0.005 | |||||||||
| <1.7 (low) | 52 | 1.00 (Ref) | 38 | 0.81 (0.49, 1.34) | 50 | 1.00 (0.56, 1.76) | 54 | 0.72 (0.30, 1.68) | 0.71 | |
| 1.7–2.6 (normal) | 115 | 1.00 (Ref) | 134 | 1.06 (0.77, 1.46) | 115 | 0.80 (0.54, 1.19) | 123 | 0.72 (0.41, 1.28) | 0.17 | |
| ≥2.6 (high) | 86 | 1.00 (Ref) | 82 | 0.95 (0.65, 1.39) | 97 | 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) | 121 | 0.75 (0.46, 1.24) | 0.35 | |
| Race | 0.28 | |||||||||
| Non-white (n = 129) | 34 | 1.00 (Ref) | 36 | 1.53 (0.85, 2.77) | 28 | 1.07(0.52, 2.19) | 31 | 0.77 (0.29, 2.10) | 0.66 | |
| White (n = 922) | 215 | 1.00 (Ref) | 216 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 231 | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 260 | 0.63 (0.46, 0.86) | 0.005 | |
| Obese status | 0.52 | |||||||||
| Nonobese (n = 699) | 168 | 1.00 (Ref) | 159 | 0.82 (0.64, 1.06) | 181 | 0.78 (0.60, 1.02) | 191 | 0.59 (0.42, 0.84) | 0.006 | |
| Obese (n = 338) | 76 | 1.00 (Ref) | 89 | 1.22 (0.83, 1.79) | 77 | 0.96 (0.63, 1.47) | 96 | 0.81 (0.47, 1.39) | 0.34 | |
1
Cox proportional hazard modeling was used for this analysis and adjusted for age, sex, race, energy intake, obesity, alcohol intake (for smoking model), smoking status (for alcohol model), self-reported health, educational status, and total calcium intake. Note that missing cases for smoking status (n = 42, 3.9%), race/ethnicity (n = 16, 1.5%), and obesity status (n = 30, 2.8%) were excluded from the respective analyses. NIH-AARP, NIH-American Association of Retired Persons; Q, quartile.