Table 1.
Upregulated RNAs in prostate cancer extracellular vesicles
| RNAs | Functional relevance |
|---|---|
| miR-409(102) | Represses tumor suppressor genes Ras suppressor 1 and stromal antigen 2, contributes to epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
| miR-142-3p(103) | Regulates FOXO1 for cell proliferation (104) |
| miR-106a (105) | Downregulates PTEN (106) |
| miR-1246(107) | Associated with cell proliferation and EMT |
| miR-19b-3p(108) | Targets CFL2, involved with cell proliferation |
| miR-940(109) | Targets ARHGAP1 and FAM134A, promotes osteogenic differentiation |
| miR-141(110) | Associated with metastatic PCa, unknown function |
| miR-1290(111) | Possibly targets NAT1 and FOXA1 |
| miR-2909(112) | Possibly targets MALT1, KLF4, and UPC2, involved in metabolism and immune regulation |
| TMPRSS2:ERG (113) | Promotes invasion |
| BRN2, BRN4(114) | Neural transcription factors that drive neuroendocrine prostate cancer |
List of upregulated RNAs in extracellular vesicles that have been nominated as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer, and includes known functions of the RNAs