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. 2021 Jul 29;15(4):041304. doi: 10.1063/5.0033280

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

Integration of microfluidic chips and coaxial nozzles into single printheads. (a) A schematic representation of the multi-material fabrication process and the bioprinting setup with the use of a microfluidic chip incorporated in a coaxial printhead. Solenoid valves have been utilized for the dispensation, mixing the bioinks, or both, and the CaCl2 solution. (b) Extrusion of two bioinks with an alternating position. (c) The combination of alternating and parallel deposition. (d) The deposition of homogenous fibers with parallel patterns. (b)–(d) Reprinted with permission from Colosi et al., Adv. Mater. 28, 677 (2016). Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. (e) Schematics of a system to produce the bioprinted graded constructs. (f) Microfluidic extrusion system consisting of the microfluidic printing head, the coaxial adapter, and the mixing index heatmap. (g) A scaffold featuring a continuous gradient consisting of two bioinks was created with the use of a microfluidic chip with a serpentine mixer and a coaxial extruder. (e)–(g) Reprinted with permission Idaszek et al., Biofabrication 11, 44101 (2019). Copyright 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. (h) Schematics of the microfluidic system used to print multi-material hollow fibers longitudinally. (i) Longitudinal bioprinting of hollow fibers with a gradual transition between distinct bioinks. (h) and (i) Unpublished data by the authors. (j) The fabrication of multi-layered circumferential fibers with a triaxial nozzle system. (k) Fluorescence microscopy images demonstrating a three-layered fiber consisting of green, red, and blue fluorescent beads representing the inner, middle, and outer layers, respectively. (l) The tunable fabrication of multi-layered fibers with regular intervals of single- and double layers. (m) Confocal fluorescence microscopy images demonstrating the dynamical conversion of single- and double-layer circumferential fibers. (j)–(m) Reprinted with permission from Pi et al., Adv. Mater. 30, 1706913 (2018). Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.