Table 2.

Characteristics of three commercially available devices and a recommended monitoring system for assessment of motor complications in PD patients at home. BKS, DKS, and FDS stand for bradykinesia score, dyskinesia score, and fluctuation and dyskinesia score, respectively.

		Kinesia 360™	PKG®	Sense4Care	Recommended System
Number of sensors: locations		2: Most affected wrist and ankle	1: Most affected wrist	2: Waist and most affected wrist	2: Most affected wrist and ankle
Clinically actionable data	Medication ON/OFF/OND duration	× Not automated. × Patients enter medication states using a diary app.	× Every hour detections are averaged over at least five-day use.	× Every hour detections during a limited range of ADL [14].	✓ Every half-hour detection according to the patient’s baseline during ADL.
	Severity ratings	× Does not readily match to ON/OFF/OND states.	× Missing tremor severity [15]. × Creates new measures of symptom severity (i.e., BKS, DKS, FDS).	× Only measures duration of symptoms; missing severity ratings. × Only limited ADL [16].	✓ Make clinically meaningful measurements of tremor, dyskinesia, MDS-UPDRS III during ADL.
Algorithm Characteristics	Accuracy during ADL	× Low correlation with UPDRS measurements when used in home settings [17].	× Low correlation with at-home [18,19] compared to in-clinic monitoring. × One wrist sensor does not capture disease manifestations on the lower limb.	× Low correlation with UPDRS III [20]. × Tremor algorithm uses only wrist sensor data and bradykinesia/dyskinesia only the waist sensor data.	✓ Provide high agreement when compared to clinically meaningful metrics. ✓ Simultaneous analysis of sensors’ data to capture disease manifestations on both the lower and upper limb.
	Continuous/Unobtrusive	× No, requires patients reporting medication states.	× Measurements are averaged over at least five-day use to reduce error [18,19], thereby missing day-to-day variations.	× Not a continuous estimation during all ADL [21,16]. × Transition periods between OFF and ON are excluded from analysis [14].	✓ Continuous and automated measurements during all ADL.
	Interpretability to an individual patient	× Symptom severity measures do not readily match to ON, OFF, and OND states and further clinical correlation is required.	× Medication state detection is not individualized to each patient’s own baseline. × Severity ratings are based on comparison to healthy controls.	× Medication state detection is not individualized to each patient’s own baseline. × Missing severity ratings.	✓ Detect medication states customized to a patient’s baseline. ✓ Estimate clinically interpretable severity measures to identify intra-individual changes of severity.