Table 4.

Nonverbal miscommunications in relation to different demographic factors (n = 505).

Item	Strongly agree	Agree	I do not know	Disagree	Strongly disagree	Gender (p value)	Age groups (p value)	Level of education (p value)	Place of residence (p value)
(1) One of the reasons for violence, physical or verbal, against healthcare workers is because they do not maintain good eye contact	13.3	53.3	16.4	13.7	3.4	0.05∗	0.079	0.065	0.140
(2) One of the reasons for violence, physical or verbal, against healthcare workers is because they do not smile frequently	17.8	46.7	8.9	20.6	5.9	0.228	0.617	0.081	0.418
(3) One of the reasons for violence, physical or verbal, against healthcare workers is because they do not have a comfortable voice tone	18.8	51.9	10.3	14.7	4.4	0.195	0.210	0.076	0.402
(4) One of the reasons for violence, physical or verbal, against healthcare workers is because they often have a frown on their faces	11.9	36	18.4	27.5	6.1	0.003∗∗	0.433	0.086	0.827
(5) One of the reasons for violence, physical or verbal, against healthcare workers is because they are often seated in a provocatively	20.8	51.1	9.9	14.1	4.2	0.107	0.377	0.001∗∗∗	0.809
(6) One of the reasons for violence, physical or verbal, against healthcare workers is because they do not employ handshakes properly	16.2	33.7	15	26.9	8.1	0.05∗	0.481	0.494	0.497

^∗ p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.