Table 2.
Current allopathic therapies and their actions and potential adverse effects in COVID-19
| Drug class |
Therapeutic drug | Actions | Adverse effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimalarial | Chloroquine phosphate |
Glycosylation inhibitor Proteolytic, inhibition of cytokines production, autophagy, lysosomal and host cell activity |
Cramps in the abdomen, diarrhea, anorexia CVD symptoms, hypoglycemia, retinal damage, neuropsychiatric toxicity, Idiosyncratic reactions |
(Vijayvargiya et al. 2020) |
| Antiviral | Remdesivir | Inhibition of RNA polymerase | Transaminases elevation, kidney damage | (Stebbing et al. 2020) |
| Favipiravir | Inhibition of RNA polymerase | Hyperuricemia, diarrhoea, ↑Transaminases, ↓Neutrophil count | (Udwadia et al. 2021) | |
| Monoclonal antibody | Tocilizumab | Block IL-6 receptor alpha subunit | GIT disorders, skin/subcutaneous infections and altered liver enzymes | (Luo et al. 2020b) |
| Anti-HIV | Lopinavir/ritonavir | Inhibit 3C-like proteinase (3CLpro) and papain-like proteinase (PLpro) resulted in immature virus particle in COVID-19 |
GIT intolerance, pancreatitis, abnormalities in cardiac conduction, hepatotoxicity |
(Consortium WST 2021) |
| Antiprotease | Disulfiram | Papain like protease inhibitor | Hypotension, tachycardia | (Majumder and Minko 2021) |
Gastrointestinal: GIT, cardiovascular disorders: CVD