The gut microbiota metabolite butyrate promotes antitumor immunity of CD8+ T cells and improves chemotherapy efficacy through ID2-dependent IL-12 signaling
By inhibiting HDAC activity in CD8+ T cells, butyrate induces ID2 expression, which leads to the upregulation of IFN-g and IL-12 receptor expression. The gut microbiota can be modulated through various strategies: metabolite supplementation, dietary intervention, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), or the use of next-generation probiotics producing SCFA for instance, such as F. prausnitzii and A. muciniphila.