Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| ASDf n=75 | ASDm n=102 | TDf n=87 | TDm n=91 | ASD vs. TD test statistics, p-values, effect sizes | f vs. m test statistics, p-values, effect sizes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASDf vs. TDf | ASDm vs. TDm | ASDf vs. ASDm | TDf vs. TDm | |||||
| Age (years) | t(160)=−1.14, | t(191)=−1.5, | t(175)=−0.63, | t(176)=−0.84, | ||||
| Mean(SD) | 12.3 (2.76) | 12.6 (3.0) | 12.9 (3.18) | 13.2 (2.72) | p=.26, d=0.18 | p=.13, d=0.22 | p=.53, d=0.09 | p=.40, d=0.13 |
| Range | 8.0–17.6 | 8.0–17.9 | 8.1–17.9 | 8.3–17.8 | ||||
| Race, N(%) | χ2(1)=2.8, | χ2(1)=2.3, | χ2(1)=3.7, | χ2(1)=1.5, | ||||
| African American | 2 (2.66%) | 6 (5.88%) | 11 (12.64%) | 2 (2.19%) | p=.09, V=0.12 | p=.13, V=0.10 | p=.053, | p=.22, V=0.08 |
| Asian | 2 (2.66%) | 1 (0.98%) | 5 (5.75%) | 7 (7.69%) | V=0.13 | |||
| Caucasian | 60 (80%) | 72 (70.58%) | 62 (71.26%) | 72 (79.12%) | ||||
| More than one | 8 (10.66%) | 22 (21.57%) | 8 (9.19%) | 9 (9.89%) | ||||
| Native American | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.98%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
| Undeclared | 3 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.15%) | 1 (1.09%) | ||||
| Ethnicity, N(%) | χ2(1)=3.6, | χ2(1)=0.06, | χ2(1)=0.68, | χ2(1)=0.94, | ||||
| Latinx descent | 10 (13.3%) | 19 (18.6%) | 22 (25.3%) | 18 (19.8%) | p=.06, V=0.14 | p=.81, | p=.41, V=0.05 | p=.33, V=0.06 |
| Not of Latinx descent | 62 (82.7%) | 83 (81.4%) | 62 (71.3%) | 72 (79.1%) | V=0.004 | |||
| Undeclared | 3 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (3.4%) | 1 (1.1%) | ||||
| Maternal Education | n=66 | n=91 | n=71 | n=81 | χ2(6)=1.07, | χ2(6)=6.2, | χ2(6)=2.49, | χ2(6)=2.97, |
| Graduate degree | 19 | 24 | 22 | 27 | p=.98, V=0.09 | p=.40, V=0.19 | p=.87, V=0.13 | p=.81, V=0.14 |
| Partial graduate | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | ||||
| Bachelor’s degree | 20 | 23 | 20 | 28 | ||||
| Associate’s degree | 3 | 7 | 5 | 3 | ||||
| Partial college | 12 | 22 | 13 | 12 | ||||
| High school diploma | 6 | 7 | 4 | 3 | ||||
| Partial high school | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | ||||
| FSIQ | t(160)=−3.4, | t(191)=−6.0, | t(175)=−0.14 | t(176)=−2.3 | ||||
| Mean(SD) | 100.7 (19.3) | 101.1 (17.2) | 109.9 (15.2) | 115.3 (15.2) | p=.0008**, | p<.0001†, | p=.89, d=0.02 | p=.02*, |
| Range | 71–162 | 71–160 | 79–147 | 79–149 | d=0.53 | d=0.87 | d=0.35 | |
| VABS-II | t(160)=−10.5, | t(190)=−12.9, | t(174)=1.9, | t(176)=2.0, | ||||
| Communication | n=101 | p<.0001†, | p<.0001†, | p=.056, | p=.04*, | |||
| Mean(SD) | 78.4 (12.7) | 75 (10.7) | 101 (14.3) | 96.8 (12.7) | d=1.7 | d=1.86 | d=−0.29 | d=−0.30 |
| Median (Range) | 77 (52–111) | 74 (57–122) | 101 (72–135) | 97 (67–132) | ||||
| ≤70, N(%) | 22 (29.3%) | 37 (36.6%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.2%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Daily Living Skills | t(160)=−9.4, | t(191)=−10.4, | t(175)=1.87, | t(176)=2.4, | ||||
| Mean(SD) | 78.8 (14.0) | 75.0 (13.1) | 99.8 (14.2) | 94.9 (13.6) | p<.0001†, | p<.0001†, | p=.06, | p=.02*, |
| Median(Range) | 77 (54–112) | 73.5 (51–119) | 100 (58–130) | 93 (69–129) | d=1.49 | d=1.49 | d=−0.28 | d=−0.35 |
| ≤70, N(%) | 20 (26.7%) | 40 (39.2%) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.1%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Socialization | t(160)=−13.7, | t(191)=−18.0, | t(175)=0.62, | t(176)=0.50, | ||||
| Mean(SD) | 73 (12.7) | 71.9 (10.9) | 101 (13.5) | 100 (11.1) | p<.0001†, | p<.0001†, | p=.54, | p=.62, |
| Median(Range) | 73 (46–118) | 73 (43–107) | 101 (68–145) | 100 (76–127) | d=2.2 | d=2.59 | d=−0.09 | d=−0.07 |
| ≤70, N(%) | 33 (44%) | 43 (42.2%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| SRS-2 raw scores | n=69 | n=89 | n=81 | n=89 | ||||
| SCI | ||||||||
| Mean(SD) | 76.3 (20.0) | 74.2 (22.3) | 16.5 (11.4) | 16.1 (13.7) | U=10.5, | U=10.9, | t(156)=0.64, | U=0.85, p=.39, |
| Median(Range) | 75 (39–135) | 71 (5–118) | 13 (0–50) | 12 (1–71) | p<.0001†, | p<.0001†, | p=.53, d=−0.10 | r=.06 |
| r=.86 | r=.82 | |||||||
| RRB | n=69 | n=90 | n=81 | n=85 | ||||
| Mean(SD) | 16.8 (6.4) | 17.5 (6.6) | 1.9 (2.8) | 2.3 (2.8) | U=10.3 | U=10.9 | t(157)= | U=−1.3, p=.19, |
| Median(Range) | 17 (4–33) | 18 (0–32) | 1 (0–20) | 1 (0–16) | p<.0001†, | p<.0001†, | −0.64, | r=−.10 |
| r=.84 | r=.83 | p=.52, d=0.10 | ||||||
| ADI-R, Mean(SD) | ||||||||
| Social | 18.5 (5.4) | 19.4 (5.3) | -- | -- | -- | t(175)=−1.1, p=.29, d=0.16 | ||
| Communication | 15.6 (4.0) | 16.2 (4.4) | t(175)=−0.88, p=.38, d=0.13 | |||||
| RRBIs | 5.6 (2.6) | 6.3 (2.7) | t(175)=−1.7, p=.10, d=0.26 | |||||
| ADOS-2-CSS, | ||||||||
| Mean(SD) | 6.59 (1.85) | 7.38 (1.87) | -- | -- | t(175)=−2.8, p=.005**, d=0.43 | |||
SD: standard deviation; FSIQ: full scale IQ; VABS-II: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, 2nd edition; SRS-2: Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd edition; SCI: Social Communication and Interaction; RRB: restricted and repetitive behaviors; ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; RRBIs: Restricted, Repetitive Behaviors & Interests; ADOS-2: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition; CSS: Calibrated Severity Score; ≤70, N(%): number and proportion of individuals who meet the VABS-II cut-off for ‘low’ adaptive functioning; d=Cohen’s d; V=Cramer’s V; r=effect size for non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. VABS-II domain scores are reported as standard scores (M=100, SD=15).
*
p < .05
**
p<.01
†
p<.0001.