Table 1.
Temporal trends of opioid overdose stratified by demographics from 2009 to 2017
| Year | No. of opioid overdose patients (opioid overdose prevalence per 1000 patients, ‰) | aORs [95% CI] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | ||
| Total | 395,040 | 298,317 | 529,611 | 645,504 | 530,520 | 1,040,515 | 1,034,306 | 771,903 | 569,153 | |
| All patients | 1477 (3.7) | 1240 (4.2) | 2749 (5.2) | 4022 (6.2) | 3844 (7.2) | 7689 (7.4) | 8313 (8.0) | 8527 (11.0) | 6783 (11.9) | 1.16**** [1.15–1.16] |
| Age groups (years) | ||||||||||
| < 18 | 86 (1.2) | 77 (1.4) | 77 (0.9) | 162 (1.5) | 102 (1.5) | 307 (1.6) | 305 (1.6) | 200 (1.7) | 169 (2.3) | 1.08**** [1.06–1.10] |
| 18–30 | 207 (4.2) | 165 (4.5) | 366 (5.4) | 448 (5.1) | 406 (5.5) | 790 (5.6) | 900 (6.5) | 793 (8.0) | 612 (9.2) | 1.10**** [1.09–1.12] |
| 31–40 | 147 (4.2) | 124 (4.8) | 291 (5.7) | 387 (6.1) | 363 (6.8) | 714 (7.0) | 804 (7.8) | 774 (9.9) | 583 (10.3) | 1.12**** [1.10–1.14] |
| 41–50 | 192 (5.0) | 212 (7.5) | 474 (8.7) | 613 (9.6) | 545 (10.8) | 1016 (11.3) | 1000 (11.4) | 1063 (15.8) | 839 (16.9) | 1.14**** [1.13–1.15] |
| 51–64 | 357 (5.0) | 273 (5.0) | 700 (6.6) | 1105 (8.9) | 1102 (10.5) | 2152 (11.2) | 2339 (12.3) | 2506 (16.5) | 2036 (17.3) | 1.18**** [1.17–1.19] |
| 65+ | 488 (3.8) | 389 (4.0) | 841 (5.0) | 1307 (6.6) | 1326 (7.4) | 2710 (8.3) | 2965 (9.2) | 3191 (12.4) | 2544 (12.4) | 1.18**** [1.17–1.18] |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 841 (3.7) | 692 (4.0) | 1560 (5.2) | 2314 (6.2) | 2235 (7.3) | 4448 (7.4) | 4771 (8.1) | 4873 (11.2) | 3836 (12.1) | 1.16**** [1.15–1.17] |
| Male | 636 (3.9) | 548 (4.3) | 1187 (5.2) | 1708 (6.2) | 1609 (7.2) | 3240 (7.3) | 3542 (8.0) | 3654 (11.0) | 2947 (11.7) | 1.15**** [1.14–1.16] |
| Race | ||||||||||
| African American | 143 (2.2) | 120 (2.4) | 371 (3.9) | 517 (4.6) | 389 (4.6) | 821 (5.6) | 975 (6.6) | 1060 (9.0) | 1051 (10.8) | 1.20**** [1.19–1.22] |
| Asian | 6 (1.2) | 2 (0.5) | 17 (2.2) | 29 (2.5) | 37 (3.4) | 65 (3.1) | 90 (4.2) | 98 (5.2) | 71 (6.0) | 1.20**** [1.14–1.27] |
| Caucasian | 1240 (4.3) | 1054 (4.9) | 2198 (5.9) | 3216 (7.3) | 3130 (8.5) | 6207 (8.4) | 6604 (9.1) | 6717 (12.5) | 5068 (13.4) | 1.15**** [1.14–1.16] |
| Hispanic | 23 (2.4) | 16 (2.2) | 39 (2.9) | 41 (3.7) | 19 (4.0) | 44 (4.3) | 29 (3.5) | 25 (6.9) | 17 (6.1) | 1.14**** [1.08–1.20] |
| Native American | 3 (3.0) | 5 (7.8) | 14 (3.6) | 25 (3.9) | 51 (7.3) | 123 (7.7) | 137 (8.7) | 135 (15.2) | 92 (11.6) | 1.20**** [1.14–1.26] |
| Others | 62 (2.4) | 43 (2.3) | 110 (2.8) | 194 (3.1) | 218 (4.1) | 429 (4.1) | 478 (4.2) | 492 (5.6) | 484 (6.7) | 1.14**** [1.11–1.16] |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Divorced | 153 (6.6) | 117 (6.6) | 364 (9.0) | 502 (10.6) | 491 (12.1) | 936 (13.0) | 1045 (14.9) | 1082 (19.4) | 850 (19.7) | 1.16**** [1.14–1.17] |
| Married | 425 (3.3) | 339 (3.6) | 980 (5.1) | 1443 (6.1) | 1400 (6.8) | 2733 (7.2) | 2975 (8.1) | 3247 (11.4) | 2587 (12.1) | 1.18**** [1.17–1.18] |
| Single | 403 (3.0) | 328 (3.2) | 855 (4.3) | 1338 (5.1) | 1242 (6.2) | 2583 (5.9) | 2799 (6.3) | 2723 (8.4) | 2230 (9.8) | 1.13**** [1.12–1.14] |
| Widowed | 152 (3.7) | 87 (2.9) | 390 (6.2) | 535 (7.3) | 562 (8.8) | 1030 (9.4) | 1059 (10.2) | 1078 (13.4) | 766 (12.4) | 1.16**** [1.15–1.18] |
| Others | 344 (5.0) | 369 (6.7) | 160 (4.5) | 204 (7.1) | 149 (8.4) | 407 (9.2) | 435 (9.5) | 397 (14.5) | 350 (15.1) | 1.16**** [1.14–1.17] |
| Census region | ||||||||||
| Midwest | 328 (3.6) | 272 (4.2) | 564 (4.7) | 656 (5.9) | 625 (6.6) | 1409 (6.9) | 1703 (7.4) | 1934 (13.3) | 1070 (11.9) | 1.18**** [1.17–1.19] |
| Northeast | 828 (4.7) | 736 (5.3) | 961 (5.7) | 1412 (6.5) | 835 (8.2) | 2155 (7.9) | 1720 (7.8) | 1210 (9.2) | 1143 (10.9) | 1.11**** [1.10–1.12] |
| South | 201 (2.0) | 185 (2.4) | 902 (4.9) | 987 (5.3) | 1020 (5.6) | 1990 (6.2) | 2519 (7.9) | 3109 (11.7) | 3296 (12.9) | 1.22**** [1.20–1.22] |
| West | 110 (4.2) | 47 (2.6) | 322 (5.7) | 967 (7.3) | 1364 (8.9) | 2135 (8.8) | 2371 (8.9) | 2274 (9.9) | 1274 (10.7) | 1.11**** [1.10–1.12] |
| Urbanicity | ||||||||||
| Rural | 112 (2.1) | 117 (2.2) | 435 (5.0) | 777 (5.7) | 528 (5.5) | 1404 (6.7) | 1494 (6.9) | 1172 (8.0) | 967 (8.8) | 1.14**** [1.13–1.16] |
| Urban | 1365 (4.0) | 1123 (4.6) | 2314 (5.2) | 3245 (6.4) | 3316 (7.6) | 6285 (7.6) | 6819 (8.3) | 7355 (11.8) | 5816 (12.7) | 1.16**** [1.15–1.16] |
aORs adjusted odds ratios, CI confidence interval
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001