Table 2.

Demographics as risk factors for opioid overdose and adjusted odds ratios from 2009 to 2017

Year	Adjusted odds ratios [95% CI]
	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	Overall
Age groups (years)a
<1 8 (vs 65+)	0.28**** [0.21–0.36]	0.32**** [0.24–0.42]	0.20**** [0.15–0.25]	0.22**** [0.18–0.26]	0.21**** [0.17–0.26]	0.18**** [0.16–0.21]	0.17**** [0.15–0.19]	0.14**** [0.12–0.16]	0.19**** [0.16–0.22]	0.18**** [0.17–0.19]
18–30 (vs 65+)	1.10 [0.91–1.32]	1.07 [0.88–1.31]	1.24** [1.08–1.43]	0.81*** [0.72–0.91]	0.78**** [0.69–0.88]	0.67**** [0.61–0.73]	0.72**** [0.66–0.78]	0.66**** [0.60–0.72]	0.74**** [0.67–0.82]	0.74**** [0.71–0.76]
31–40 (vs 65+)	1.19 [0.98–1.44]	1.22 [0.99–1.51]	1.37**** [1.18–1.58]	1.01 [0.89–1.14]	1.03 [0.91–1.16]	0.88** [0.81–0.97]	0.90** [0.82–0.97]	0.84**** [0.78–0.92]	0.86** [0.78–0.94]	0.93**** [0.89–0.96]
41–50 (vs 65+)	1.31** [1.10–1.57]	1.82**** [1.53–2.17]	1.95**** [1.72–2.21]	1.50**** [1.35–1.66]	1.54**** [1.39–1.72]	1.37**** [1.2–-1.48]	1.24**** [1.15–1.34]	1.31**** [1.21–1.41]	1.38**** [1.27–1.50]	1.36**** [1.31–1.40]
51–64 (vs 65+)	1.33**** [1.16–1.54]	1.21* [1.03–1.42]	1.46**** [1.31–1.63]	1.39**** [1.28–1.52]	1.50**** [1.38–1.64]	1.36**** [1.28–1.44]	1.33**** [1.26–1.41]	1.34**** [1.26–1.41]	1.39**** [1.31–1.48]	1.35**** [1.32–1.39]
Sexb
Male (vs female)	1.12* [1.00–1.24]	1.09 [0.97–1.22]	1.08 [1.00–1.17]	0.99 [0.93–1.06]	0.97 [0.91–1.04]	0.97 [0.92–1.02]	0.98 [0.93–1.02]	0.95* [0.91–0.99]	0.92** [0.88–0.97]	0.98* [0.96–1.00]
Racec
African American (vs Caucasian)	0.66**** [0.55–0.79]	0.61**** [0.50–0.75]	0.62**** [0.56–0.70]	0.64**** [0.58–0.70]	0.58**** [0.52–0.65]	0.69**** [0.64–0.75]	0.73**** [0.68–0.78]	0.70**** [0.65–0.74]	0.78**** [0.73–0.84]	0.68**** [0.66–0.70]
Asian (vs Caucasian)	0.38* [0.17–0.85]	0.15** [0.04–0.61]	0.39*** [0.24–0.63]	0.37**** [0.26–0.53]	0.44**** [0.31–0.60]	0.41**** [0.32–0.52]	0.52**** [0.42–0.64]	0.49**** [0.40–0.60]	0.50**** [0.390.63]	0.47**** [0.42–0.51]
Hispanic (vs Caucasian)	0.74 [0.49–1.12]	0.57* [0.35–0.94]	0.54*** [0.39–0.74]	0.58*** [0.42–0.79]	0.54** [0.34–0.84]	0.74* [0.55–1.00]	0.56** [0.39–0.81]	0.68 [0.46–1.01]	0.54* [0.33–0.87]	0.53**** [0.46–0.60]
Native American (vs Caucasian)	0.65 [0.21–2.01]	1.58 [0.65–3.83]	0.56* [0.33–0.95]	0.47*** [0.32–0.70]	0.67** [0.50–0.88]	0.79* [0.66–0.95]	0.85 [0.71–1.01]	1.17 [0.98–1.39]	0.76* [0.61–0.94]	0.84**** [0.77–0.91]
Others (vs Caucasian)	0.57**** [0.44–0.74]	0.51**** [0.37–0.69]	0.54**** [0.44–0.65]	0.46**** [0.40–0.53]	0.56**** [0.49–0.65]	0.57**** [0.51–0.63]	0.56**** [0.51–0.61]	0.57**** [0.52–0.62]	0.56**** [0.51–0.62]	0.57**** [0.55–0.60]
Marital statusd
Divorced (vs single)	1.23* [1.00–1.50]	1.19 [0.95–1.49]	1.26*** [1.11–1.44]	1.15* [1.03–1.28]	1.14* [1.02–1.27]	1.16*** [1.07–1.25]	1.28**** [1.19–1.38]	1.25**** [1.16–1.35]	1.22**** [1.12–1.32]	1.19**** [1.15–1.23]
Married (vs single)	0.65**** [0.56–0.75]	0.72**** [0.61–0.85]	0.74**** [0.67–0.82]	0.71**** [0.65–0.77]	0.69**** [0.64–0.75]	0.70**** [0.66–0.74]	0.75**** [0.71–0.80]	0.82**** [0.77–0.86]	0.82**** [0.77–0.87]	0.73**** [0.71–0.75]
Widowed (vs single)	0.82 [0.66–1.03]	0.66** [0.50–0.86]	1.12 [0.96–1.29]	0.90 [0.80–1.01]	0.97 [0.86–1.09]	0.94 [0.86–1.02]	0.96 [0.89–1.05]	0.96 [0.88–1.04]	0.85*** [0.77–0.93]	0.89**** [0.86–0.93]
Others (vs single)	0.97 [0.83–1.14]	1.20* [1.02–1.42]	0.79** [0.66–0.94]	1.03 [0.89–1.20]	0.93 [0.78–1.11]	1.10 [0.99–1.22]	1.12* [1.01–1.24]	1.20*** [1.08–1.34]	1.20** [1.07–1.35]	0.92**** [0.88–0.96]
Census regione
Midwest (vs South)	1.78**** [1.49–2.13]	1.60**** [1.32–1.94]	0.92 [0.83–1.02]	1.11* [1.01–1.23]	1.14** [1.03–1.26]	1.15**** [1.08–1.24]	0.97 [0.91–1.03]	1.19**** [1.13–1.26]	0.94 [0.88–1.01]	1.01 [0.98–1.04]
Northeast (vs South)	2.39**** [2.03–2.80]	2.12**** [1.78–2.52]	1.17** [1.06–1.29]	1.28**** [1.18–1.40]	1.49**** [1.35–1.63]	1.30**** [1.22–1.39]	1.02 [0.96–1.09]	0.84**** [0.79–0.90]	0.96 [0.89–1.03]	1.00 [0.97–1.02]
West (vs South)	2.59**** [2.04–3.31]	1.47* [1.06–2.05]	1.33**** [1.16–1.52]	1.52**** [1.38–1.67]	1.78**** [1.63–1.94]	1.55**** [1.45–1.65]	1.23**** [1.16–1.31]	1.03 [0.97–1.09]	1.13** [1.05–1.21]	1.32**** [1.28–1.36]
Urbanicityf
Rural (vs urban)	0.46**** [0.38–0.56]	0.51**** [0.41–0.62]	0.97 [0.87–1.08]	0.91* [0.83–0.98]	0.69**** [0.62–0.76]	0.90*** [0.85–0.96]	0.86**** [0.81–0.92]	0.83**** [0.78–0.89]	0.81**** [0.75–0.88]	0.84**** [0.82–0.86]

CI confidence interval

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001

^aReference: patients in 65+ years age group

^bReference: female patients

^cReference: Caucasian patients

^dReference: patients in single marital status

^eReference: patients from the South census region

^fReference: patients in the urban area