Table 1.

Model parameters.

Parameter	Value	Comments
Fixed parameters
Population size, N	10,000,000 individuals
Cut-off for stochastic mode, N*	1000
Cut-off for Gillespie algorithm, Nc	100
Recovery rate, γ	0.99*1/14	Average disease duration is 14 days25
Death rate, δ	0.01*1/14	Infection-fatality rate is 1%26–28
Loss of immunity rate, μ	1/180	On average in 180 days29,30
Share of non-vaccinated, h	0.01	1% of population
Saturation parameter, k	0.01
Transmission rate,$\beta =\{{\beta }_l,{\beta }_h\}$	{0.055, 0.18}	R0 = {0.77, 2.52}31–33
∆t	1 day
Varying parameters
Bound for initiation of low transmission, Fh	2000–20,000 individuals
Bound for initiation of high transmission, Fl	1000 or Fh/8 individuals
Probability of emergence of resistant strain, p	1e − 8 to 1e − 5	Daily for every infected
Vaccination speed, θ0	0.001 to 0.015	0.1–1.5% daily