Table 1.

Different Types of LMP Inducers and Their Mechanisms of Action

LMP Inducer	Mechanism of Action and Examples	Reference
ROS	The chemical modification of lipids in lysosomal membrane. The different examples include H2O2, redox cycling quinones, napthazarine, fenretinide, etc.	[77]
Lysosomotropic agents	Detergent-like effects lead to LMP. The examples include hydroxychloroquine, sphingosine, LCL204, MDL-72, N-dodecyl-imidazole, BPC, 3-aminopropanol, etc.	[78]
	The proper mechanism is poorly understood and the examples include some detergents like siramesine and MSDH	[73]
	The mechanism is not fully understood and the examples include antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin	[79]
Lipids	The mechanism is poorly understood and the different examples include cholesterol oxidation products, bile salts, fatty acids, palmitate, etc.	[80]
Bcl-2 family proteins	This leads to the formation of lysosomal membrane proteaceous pores and the example includes Bax	[81]
Caspases	Indirect effects and direct lysosome protein digestion and the examples include Caspase-8 and Caspase-9	[82]
Cathepsins	Lysosome protein digestion and the examples include cathepsin B	[83]
Microtubule toxins	The mechanism of action is not known yet and the examples include epothilone B, vinorelbine, vincristine, paclitaxel, vinblastine, etc.	[84]
Photodamage	It damages lysosomal membrane and the examples include ATXs10 and NPe6	[85]
Polyphenols	The mechanism of action is not known yet and the examples are resveratrol	[86]
Receptors	The mechanism of action not yet known and the examples include TNF-α, TRAIL, CD3, and PHA	[87]
Lysosomal proteins	It leads to the formation of pores and the examples include LAPF	[88]
DNA damage	The mechanism of action not yet discovered and the examples include camptothecin, p53, and etoposide	[89]
Silica	The mechanism of action is unknown and the examples are ROS	[90]
Toxins	The toxins directly affect lysosomal membranes and the examples are crotoxin, yesotoxin, and the cobra venom	[91]