Table 2.

Examples of Different Compounds Which Act as Modulators of Autophagy Used as Cancer Prevention and Therapy and the Examples of Different Cancer Where Used

Compound	Mechanism of Action and Cancer Type	Reference
Artemisinin	Leads to the promotion of ROS dependent apoptosis as studied in Lung carcinoma	[110]
Water-soluble artemisinin SM1044	Modulates CaMKK2-AMPK-ULK1 axis as studied in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas	[111]
EF25-(GSH)2	Induces the autophagy facilitated apoptosis as studied in hepatocellular carcinomas	[112]
γ-Tocotrienol	Promotes the accumulation of LC3-II proteins and induces the apoptosis as studied in breast carcinoma	[113]
Bis-dehydroxycurcumin	Promotes the activation of ER stress as studied in Colon carcinoma	[114]
Hydrazinobenzoyl-curcumin	The compound increases in autophagic vacuoles as studied in non-small lung epithelial carcinoma	[112]
Dihydroartemisinin	Promotes the activation of JNKs as studied in pancreatic carcinoma	[115]
	Leads to the inhibition of mTOR kinase as studied in cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma	[116]
	Induces autophagy facilitated apoptosis as studied in esophageal carcinoma	[117]
	Increases the autophagic vacuoles as studied in glioma	[118]
	Enhances ROS production, LC3-II protein expression and caspase 3 activation as studied in myeloid leukemia	[119]
	Increases γH2AX foci and the inhibition of phospho-STAT3 as studied in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma	[120]
Monocarbonyl curcumin, B19	Activation of ER stress as studied in ovarian carcinoma	[121]
Artesunate	The accumulation of LC3-II proteins as studied in breast carcinoma	[122]
	The induction of autophagy facilitate by apoptosis as studied in glioblastoma multiforme	[123]
	The increase in caspase-3, LC3-I/II, and Beclin-1 protein expression as studied in Burkitt lymphoma and colon carcinoma	[124]
Celastrol	Promotes proteotoxic stress as studied in glioblastoma	[125]
	Leads to the induction of autophagy mediated apoptosis as studied in pancreatic and gastric carcinoma	[126]
	Promotes the induction of autophagosomes and the accumulation of LC3B-II proteins as studied in osteosarcoma	[127]
	Induction of microRNA miR-101 as studied in prostate carcinoma	[128]
Paclitaxel	Induces the autophagy facilitated apoptosis as studied in breast carcinoma	[129]
	Leads to the formation of acidic vesicular organelles as studied in lung carcinoma	[130]
	It promotes the accumulation of LC3-II proteins as studied in cervical carcinoma	[131]
Resveratrol	The induction of autophagy facilitates apoptosis as studied in myeloma ovarian carcinoma, oral carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioblastoma multiforme	[132]
	Suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as studied in stem cells of breast cancer	[133]
	Leads to the inhibition of NF-κB pathway as studied in cervical carcinoma	[134]
	Results in the modulation of LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway as studied in promyelocytic leukemia	[135]
	Leads to the Inhibition of AKT/mTOR pathway as studied in breast and prostate carcinoma	[136]
	Results in the JNK-dependent accumulation of p62 proteins as studied in chronic myelogenous leukemia	[137]
	Modulates Rictor in skin squamous carcinoma	[138]
	Induces p53/AMP-activated protein kinase/mTOR pathway as studied in renal carcinoma	[139]
Synthetic ursolic acid	Results in the increased levels of LC3A/B-II and Beclin-1 as studied in lung carcinoma	[140]
Ursolic acid	The studies on colon carcinoma showed it modulates the JNK pathway	[141]
	It induces autophagosomes and LC3-II protein accumulation, as studied in Cervical carcinoma	[142]
	A study on breast carcinoma showed that it induces ER stress; glycolytic pathway and PI3K/AKT-regulated GSK autophagy pathway, as studied in	[143]
	Leads to the activation of ROS-dependent ER stress, as studied in glioblastoma	[144]
	Modulates Akt/mTOR pathways and Beclin-1, as studied in prostate carcinoma	[145]
	The studies on osteosarcoma have shown its role in autophagy mediated apoptosis	[146]
	Induction of apoptosis mediated by autophagy, as studied in Pheochromocytoma	[147]
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine	Induction of autophagy mediated apoptosis studied in bladder carcinoma	[148]
	Pancreatic carcinoma and melanoma has shown the accumulation of LC3-II proteins and induction of apoptosis	[149]
Quinacrine	Colon carcinoma showed the modulation of p53-dependent and p21-dependent mechanisms	[150]
Palm-mixed tocotrienol complex	Breast carcinoma showed the induction of autophagy mediated apoptosis	[151]
	Leads to increased dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingosine intracellularly, as studied in Prostate carcinoma	[152]
Thymoquinone	The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma have revealed the induction of autophagosomes and accumulation of LC3-II proteins	[153]
	A study on glioblastoma showed accumulation of LC3-II and p62 proteins	[154]
	Studies on colon carcinoma showed the induction of autophagy mediated apoptosis	[155]
Curcumin	Inhibits the AKT/mTOR/p70S6 kinase pathway, as studied in malignant glioma	[156]
	The uterine leiomyosarcoma showed the induction of autophagy mediated apoptosis	[157]
	Mesothelioma and chronic myelogenous leukemia has revealed the modulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways	[158]
	The colon carcinoma has shown the activation of transcription factor EB-lysosome pathway	[159]
	Hepatocellular carcinoma has shown the accumulation of LC3-II protein	[160]