Table 1.
Characteristics of the clinical trials included in this study.
| First author and year |
Mode of intervention | Location | Type of participant | Intervention subjects, n | Control subjects, n | Outcomes |
| Sari, 2020 [12] | Web-based program | Turkey | Pregnant women | 35 | 36 | 1. Infant prevalence |
| Wen, 2020 [13] | Telephone support + SMS support | Australia | Pregnant women | 770 | 385 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Uscher-Pines, 2019 [11] | Video call | North Central Pennsylvania | Postpartum women | 94 | 93 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Puharic, 2019 [5] | Telephone support + booklet | Split Dalmatia County | Pregnant women | 232 | 123 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate 2. Infant prevalence 3. ⅡFASa |
| Cavalcanti, 2019 [4] | Online social network | Northeast Brazil | Postpartum women | 123 | 128 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Patel, 2018 [20] | Telephone support + SMS support + standard management | Rural India | Women in the third trimester | 519 | 518 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate 2. Infant prevalence |
| Araban, 2018 [6] | SMS support + courses + standard management | Iran | Pregnant women | 56 | 54 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate 2. BSESb, BSES-SFc |
| Ahmed, 2017 [17] | Breastfeeding monitoring system | Midwestern Hospital | Postpartum women | 49 | 57 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate 2. Infant prevalence |
| Efrat, 2016 [8] | Telephone support + standard management | Spain | Pregnant women | 111 | 109 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Flax, 2014 [14] | Telephone support + courses | Nigeria | Pregnant women | 196 | 194 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Bonuck, 2014 [7] | E-prompt | Bronx | First or second trimester of a singleton pregnancy | 236 | 77 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Scott, 2013 [16] | Web-based program | United States | Pregnant women | 49 | 50 | 1. ⅡFAS |
| Tahir, 2012 [18] | Telephone support + standard management | Malaysia | Postpartum women | 179 | 178 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Simonetti, 2011 [19] | Telephone support | Italy | Postpartum women | 55 | 59 | 1. Exclusive breastfeeding rate |
| Pate, 2009 [15] | Web-based program | United States | Pregnant women | 23 | 23 | 1. BSES, BSES-SF |
aⅡFAS: Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (17-item 5-point scale).
bBSES: Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale, a mother’s confidence in her ability to breastfeed.
cBSES-SF: Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form, a measurement of exclusive breastfeeding self-efficacy (14-item 5-point scale).