Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies on OSA and coronary artery calcification
| First author | Year | Country | Simple size | Subgroup | Diagnosis criteria | Age, year | Male, % | BMI, kg/m2 | Hypertension, % | Hyperlipidemia, % | Diabetes, % | ESS | AHI, events/h | OSA diagnostic methods | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sorajja [13] | 2008 | USA | 202 | Controls (48) | AHI < 5 | 46 | 30 (63) | 31 | 20 (40) | 23 (48) | 2 (4) | NA | NA | PSG | 8 |
| OSA (154) | AHI ≥ 5 | 51 | 111 (72) | 35 | 76 (49) | 99 (64) | 14 (9) | NA | NA | ||||||
| Kim [14] | 2010 | Korea | 258 | First quartile (64) | The quartile of AHI | 44 ± 3 | 64 (100) | 23 ± 2 | 4 (6) | NA | 2 (3) | NA | 0.2 ± 0.2 | PSG | 9 |
| Second quartile (64) | 45 ± 3 | 64 (100) | 24 ± 3 | 10 (16) | NA | 2 (3) | NA | 1.8 ± 0.8 | |||||||
| Third quartile (65) | 46 ± 3 | 65 (100) | 24.8 ± 3 | 9 (14) | NA | 5 (6) | NA | 5.7 ± 1.8 | |||||||
| Fourth quartile (65) | 44 ± 3 | 65 (100) | 26 ± 3 | 14 (22) | NA | 2 (3) | NA | 24 ± 15 | |||||||
| Kepez [15] | 2011 | Turkey | 97 | Snoring group (17) | AHI < 5 | 46.60 ± 4.59 | 10 (58.8) | 28.25 ± 4.04 | 4 (23.5) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (11.8) | NA | NA | PSG | 7 |
| Mild OSA (22) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 | 46.56 ± 9.54 | 16 (72.7) | 27.61 ± 3.09 | 7 (31.8) | 6 (27.3) | 2 (9.1) | NA | NA | ||||||
| Moderate OSA (21) | 15 ≤ AHI < 30 | 52.17 ± 7.20 | 16 (76.2) | 29.18 ± 3.28 | 7 (33) | 5 (23.8) | 2 (9.5) | NA | NA | ||||||
| Severe OSA (37) | AHI ≥ 30 | 49.85 ± 10.60 | 22 (59.5) | 30.99 ± 4.43 | 15 (40.5) | 11 (29.7) | 7 (18.9) | NA | NA | ||||||
| Arik [16] | 2013 | Turkey | 73 | Controls (16) | AHI < 5 |
50 ± 10 48 ± 9 |
9 (56.3) 6 (40.2) |
28.2 ± 4.8 30.9 ± 6.4 |
6 (38) | 6 (38) | 4 (25) | NA |
2.4 ± 1.1 8.0 ± 2.0 |
PSG | 7 |
| Mild OSA (14) | AHI 5–15 | 5 (36) | 3 (21) | 2 (14) | NA | ||||||||||
| Moderate OSA (19) | AHI 16–29 | 47 ± 9 | 13 (68.4) | 28.4 ± 4.8 | 4 (21) | 3 (16) | 6 (32) | NA | 22.5 ± 4.3 | ||||||
| Severe OSA (24) | AHI ≥ 30 | 52 ± 10 | 15 (62.5) | 32.2 ± 4.1 | 12 (50) | 9 (38) | 9 (38) | NA | 45.3 ± 16.3 | ||||||
| Weinreich [17] | 2013 | Germany | 1604 | Controls (551) | AHI < 5 |
M 61.9 ± 6.9 F 60.8 ± 6.8 |
209 (37.9) |
M 27.6 ± 3.6 F 26.2 ± 4.2 |
123 (58.9) 149 (43.6) |
NA NA |
27 (12.9) 30 (8.8) |
NA | NA | Unattended portable monitoring | 8 |
| Mild OSA (651) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 |
M 63.4 ± 7.4 F 64.6 ± 7.2 |
327 (50.2) | M 28.4 ± 3.5; F 27.7 ± 4.6 |
230 (70.3) 190 (58.6) |
NA NA |
42 (12.8) 30 (9.3) |
NA | NA | ||||||
| Moderate OSA (288) | 15 ≤ AHI ≤ 29 |
M 65.1 ± 7.3 F 66.1 ± 7.4 |
176 (61.1) | M 28.6 ± 3.7; F 28.8 ± 5.1 |
125 (71) 69 (61.6) |
NA NA |
26 (14.7) 13 (11.6) |
NA | NA | ||||||
| Severe OSA (114) | AHI ≥ 30 |
M 65.9 ± 7.7 F 68.5 ± 5.7 |
79 (69.3) | M 30.2 ± 3.9; F 30.9 ± 4.1 |
63 (79.8) 25 (71.4) |
NA NA |
8 (10.1) 5 (14.3) |
NA | NA | ||||||
| Luyster [18] | 2014 | USA | 252 | Controls (61) | AHI < 5 | 59.1 ± 7.8 | 29 (48) | 29.0 ± 5.8 | 43 (71) | 45 (77) | 10 (16) | NA | 2.7 ± 1.1 | Home sleep testing | 9 |
| Mild OSA (97) | AHI 5–14 | 60.9 ± 7.6 | 48 (49) | 29.9 ± 4.5 | 65 (67) | 81 (83) | 22 (23) | NA | 9.0 ± 2.7 | ||||||
| Moderate-severe OSA (94) | AHI ≥ 15 | 62.0 ± 6.5 | 64 (68) | 30.4 ± 5.0 | 71 (75) | 65 (69) | 19 (20) | NA | 26.9 ± 12.3 | ||||||
| Lutsey [19] | 2015 | USA | 1465 | Normal (510) | AHI < 5 | 66.9 ± 9.0 | 165 (32.3) | 26.6 ± 5.0 | NA | NA | 71 (14.0) | NA | NA | PSG | 9 |
| Mild OSA (478) | AHI 5–14 | 68.9 ± 9.2 | 214 (44.8) | 28.9 ± 5.0 | NA | NA | 90 (19.0) | NA | NA | ||||||
| Moderate OSA (263) | AHI 15–29 | 69.1 ± 9.2 | 155 (58.9) | 29.6 ± 5.3 | NA | NA | 63 (24.1) | NA | NA | ||||||
| Severe OSA (214) | AHI ≥ 30 | 67.9 ± 9.0 | 136 (63.6) | 31.7 ± 6.0 | NA | NA | 51 (23.8) | NA | NA | ||||||
| Medeiros [20] | 2016 | Brazil | 214 | Controls (132) | AHI < 5 | 55 (51–59) | 0 (0) | 27 (24–29) | 92 (70) | 94 (77) | 32 (24) | 9 (5–13) | 1.9 (0.5–3.3) | Attended portable monitoring | 7 |
| Mild OSA (61) | 5 ≤ AHI < 15 | 59 (54–62) | 0 (0) | 29 (25–34) | 50 (82) | 45 (75) | 15 (25) | 9 (6–13) | 8.3 (6.0–11.1) | ||||||
| Moderate/severe OSA (21) | AHI ≥ 15 | 58 (53–63) | 0 (0) | 32 (29–35) | 20 (95) | 14 (70) | 6 (29) | 9 (7–15) | 16.9 (15.4–24.5) | ||||||
| Seo [21] | 2017 | Korea | 461 | Normal (64) | AHI < 5 | 55.08 ± 7.65 | 428 (92.8) | 25.57 ± 3.01 | 205 (44.5) | 268 (58.1) | 62 (13.4) | NA | 25.46 ± 21.10 | PSG | 8 |
| OSA (397) | AHI ≥ 5 | ||||||||||||||
| Hamaoka [8] | 2018 | Japan | 32 | Mild-moderate OSA (15) | AHI 5–29 | 61.3 ± 12.4 | 11 (73.3) | 26.3 ± 5.0 | 5 (30.0) | 3 (20.0) | 2 (13.3) | NA | 20.7 ± 8.4 | PSG | 6 |
| Severe OSA (17) | AHI ≥ 30 | 65.0 ± 9.2 | 15 (88.2) | 26.2 ± 5.3 | 9 (52.9) | 5 (29.4) | 4 (23.5) | NA | 45.2 ± 11.9 | ||||||
| Shpilsky [22] | 2018 | USA | 765 | No/mild OSA (204) | AHI < 15 | 58 ± 7 | 159 (28) | 30 ± 6 | 199 (36) | NA | 43 (8) | NA | 11 ± 11 | Portable home monitoring | 7 |
| Moderate/severe OSA (561) | AHI ≥ 15 | 61 ± 7 | 108 (53) | 31 ± 6 | 104 (51) | NA | 22 (11) | NA | 26.1 ± 12.0 | ||||||
| Bikov [7] | 2019 | Hungary | 41 | Controls (19) | AHI ≤ 5 | 56 ± 9 | 3 (16) | 26.3 ± 3.8 | 12 (63) | 3 (16) | 10 (53) | 6.2 ± 3.7 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | PSG or polygraphy | 7 |
| OSA (22) | AHI > 5 | 62 ± 10 | 12 (55) | 29.4 ± 5.7 | 34 (77) | 22 (50) | 8 (18) | 7.2 ± 4.7 | 18.8 ± 16.3 |
AHI apnea hypopnea index, BMI body mass index, ESS Epworth sleepiness scale, NOS Newcastle–Ottawa scale, OSA obstructive sleep apnea, PSG polysomnography