Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample by baseline frailty status (n= 3,618a)
| Characteristic | All | Frailty status at baseline | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not-frail | Frail | P Value | ||
| n=3,313(91.6) | n=305 (8.4) | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 67.7 (6.5) | 67.4 (6.2) | 71.9 (7.7) | <0.001 |
| Sex, n(%) | ||||
| Male | 1,835 (50.7) | 1,686 (50.9) | 149 (48.9) | 0.496 |
| Female | 1,783 (49.3) | 1,627 (49.1) | 156 (51.2) | |
| Framingham risk score, mean (SD) | 15.1 (4.5) | 15.1 (4.5) | 15.55 (4.7) | 0.096 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 194.6 (38.5) | 194.8 (38.3) | 192.1 (40.3) | 0.245 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl), mean (SD) | 52.3 (15.7) | 52.16 (15.6) | 54.2 (16.2) | 0.031 |
| SBP (mm Hg), mean (SD) | 135.1 (22.8) | 135.0 (22.5) | 136.6 (25.8) | 0.236 |
| Antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | ||||
| No | 2,870 (79.3) | 2,620 (79.1) | 250 (82.0) | 0.234 |
| Yes | 748 (20.7) | 693 (20.9) | 55 (18.0) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| No | 2,467 (68.2) | 2,252 (68.0) | 215 (70.5) | 0.366 |
| Yes | 1,151 (31.8) | 1,061 (32.0) | 90 (29.5) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | ||||
| No | 3,061 (84.6) | 2,796 (84.4) | 265 (86.9) | 0.249 |
| Yes | 557 (15.4) | 517 (15.6) | 40 (13.1) | |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Illiterate | 1,399 (38.7) | 1,234 (37.3) | 165 (54.1) | <0.001 |
| Elementary school | 1,643 (45.4) | 1,524 (46.0) | 119 (39.0) | |
| Middle school | 410 (11.3) | 391 (11.8) | 19 (6.2) | |
| High school or above | 164 (4.5) | 162 (4.9) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Current residence, n (%) | ||||
| Rural | 2,464 (68.1) | 2,230 (67.3) | 234 (76.7) | 0.001 |
| Urban | 1,154 (31.9) | 1,083 (32.7) | 71 (23.3) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Married | 2,899 (80.1) | 2,689 (81.2) | 210 (68.9) | <0.001 |
| Divorced | 47 (1.3) | 42 (1.3) | 5 (1.6) | |
| Widowed | 638 (17.6) | 552 (16.7) | 86 (18.2) | |
| Never married | 34 (0.9) | 30 (0.9) | 4 (1.3) | |
| Obese, n (%) | ||||
| No | 3,301 (91.2) | 3,022 (92.6) | 279 (93.9) | 0.400 |
| Yes | 259 (7.3) | 241 (7.4) | 18 (6.1) | |
| Cognitive functionb, mean (SD) | 10.15 (4.2) | 10.35 (4.1) | 7.79 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms scores c, mean (SD) | 7.68 (5.3) | 7.37 (5.2) | 11.04 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity burden d, mean (SD) | 1.35 (1.3) | 1.31 (1.3) | 1.80 (1.4) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: SBP systolic blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, SD standard deviation, HDL high density lipoprotein cholesterol
abefore excluding missing data on frailty at follow-up waves (n=490) and prevalent frailty at baseline (n=227)
bCognitive function was measured by the modified mini-mental status examination
cDepressive symptoms was measured by the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
dComorbidity includes cancer[excluding minor skin cancers], chronic lung diseases, liver disease, kidney disease, stomach or other digestive disease, arthritis/rheumatism and asthma