Table 3.

Current application of cerebral organoids for cellular components and their interaction in disease model

Disease modelled	Organoid type	Cell type	Phenotype	References
Timothy syndrome	Assembloids (dorsal and ventral forebrain)	GABAergic interneuron	Abnormal saltation frequency and shorter saltation length	Birey et al., 2017 [32]
Miller–Dieker syndrome	Forebrain	Ventricular zone radial glial cells (vRGCs)	Decreased neuroepithelial loops with distorted cortical niche, abnormal vRG cell division, reduced size of organoids	Iefremova et al., 2017 [74], Bershteyn, M. et al., 2017 [44], Karzburn et al., 2018 [75]
Zika virus infection (ZIKV)	Forebrain	Neuronal progenitors	Smaller size organoids with larger ventricular lumen and reduced neuronal cell-layer thickness, increase ZIKV-induced cell apoptosis	Qian et al., 2017 [76], Xu, Y et al., 2019 [77]
Cytomegalovirus infection (CMV)	Dorsal forebrain	Neuronal progenitors	Decreased cellular proliferation, marred cortical lamination necrosis, induced-vacuolar and cystic degeneration	Brown, R. M. et al., 2019 [78], Sun, G. et al., 2020 [79]
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)	Neurosphere	Neurons	Vulnerability of matured neurons (MAP2 +) to destruction via lysis of HSV-1	D’Aiuto et al., 2019 [80]
Autism spectrum disorder	Dorsal forebrain	GABA/Glutamate neuron	Increased generation of NPCs and GABAergic neurons, overexpression of FOXG1	Mariani et al., 2015 [81], Wang, P. et al., 2017 [82]
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)	Dorsal Forebrain	Neurons	Induced amyloid aggregation, hyperphosphorylated tau protein and endosome abnormalities	Raja et al., 2016 [83], Pavoni, S. et al., 2018 [84], Papaspyropoulos, A. et al., 2020 [85]
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)	Forebrain	Neuronal progenitors, neurons	A strong bias astro-glial fate generation, altered cellular morphology, activation of Mtorc1 signaling	Blair, J. D.et al., 2018 [86]