Table 2.
Differences in study parameters of GEP-NET, according to chronotype categories
| Parameters | Morning type n = 53, 48.6% |
Neither type n = 19, 17.4% |
Evening type n = 37, 33.9% |
*p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Males (n, %) | 25, 47.2% | 10, 52,6% | 18, 48.6% |
χ2 = 0.17, p = 0.919 |
| Females (n, %) | 28, 52.8% | 9, 47.4% | 19, 51.4% | |
| Age (years) | 54.0 ± 16.6 | 62.4 ± 12.2 | 58.7 ± 16.1 | 0.110 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Smoking (No) | 40, 75.5% | 14, 73.7% | 18, 48.6% | χ2 = 7.59, p = 0.023 |
| Physical activity (No) | 24, 45.3% | 7, 36.8% | 29, 78.4% | χ2 = 12.73, p = 0.002 |
| Anthropometric measurement | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 3.9 | 27.6 ± 4.5 | 30.5 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 |
| Normal weight (n, %) | 26, 49.1% | 5, 26.3% | 7, 18.9% | χ2 = 9.46, p = 0.009 |
| Overweight (n, %) | 18, 34.0% | 8, 42.1% | 10, 27.0% | χ2 = 1.33, p = 0.514 |
| Grade I obesity (n, %) | 9, 17.0 | 5, 26.3% | 15, 40.5% | χ2 = 6.19, p = 0.045 |
| Grade II obesity (n, %) | 0,0% | 1, 5.3% | 4, 10.8% | χ2 = 5.84, p = 0.050 |
| Grade III obesity (n, %) | 0,0% | 0, 0% | 1, 2.7% | χ2 = 1.96, p = 0.375 |
| WC (cm) | 87.6 ± 13.2 | 94.0 ± 13.3 | 103.0 ± 12.9 | < 0.001 |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 119.2 ± 8.9 | 124.7 ± 13.8 | 133.9 ± 9.4 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.1 ± 6.7 | 77.1 ± 7.9 | 81.8 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 |
| Metabolic profile | ||||
| Glycemia levels (mg/dL) | 103.5 ± 16.0 | 101.4 ± 14.3 | 118.2 ± 9.3 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 178.3 ± 32.7 | 180.3 ± 38.6 | 214.3 ± 45.7 | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 110.8 ± 45.2 | 108.3 ± 40.1 | 159.9 ± 50.3 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 103.9 ± 28.5 | 107.4 ± 33.1 | 145.7 ± 44.1 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 52.2 ± 14.5 | 51.3 ± 16.1 | 36.6 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 |
| MetS | ||||
| MetS (number parameter) | 0.96 ± 0.8 | 1.63 ± 0.6 | 3.83 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Mets presence | 3, 5.7% | 19, 100.0% | 37, 100.0% | χ2 = 30.79, p < 0.001 |
| Ki67 index (%) | 2.5 ± 1.8 | 3.5 ± 4.7 | 6.1 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 |
GEP-NET: Gastroenteropancreatic tumors; G: grading; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MetS: metabolic syndrome
*A p-value in bold type denotes a significant difference (p < 0.05)