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. 2021 Jul 31;19(6):4021–4030. doi: 10.1007/s10311-021-01291-y

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Persisting environmental stress factors such as artificial lighting and anthropogenic noise pollution negatively affect the activities, health, and survival of bats and other wild species living in urban environments. Environment-induce stress deteriorates the immune functions and health conditions of these species, resulting in increased viral shedding with risks of spillover of their harbored zoonotic pathogens to humans and animals