Table 3.
Physiological effects of NMES-RT and PMT on FES-LEC V̇o2 peak, RER, total energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and cardiovascular response in persons with SCI
| Baseline |
Postintervention |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resting | Warm-up | Exercise | Recovery | Resting | Warm-up | Exercise | Recovery | |
| NMES-RT V̇o2, mL/min | 255.5 ± 83.5 | 295.3 ± 121.5 | 513.3 ± 143.5* | 320.14 ± 85.7 | 280.0 ± 140 | 293.0 ± 106 | 579.3 ± 169x* | 309.6 ± 91.5 |
| PMT-V̇o2, mL/min | 230 ± 59 | 247.3 ± 57 | 494.02 ± 218.2* | 274.03 ± 86 | 247.0 ± 88 | 260.3 ± 122 | 471.5 ± 178* | 268.4 ± 58.8 |
| NMES-RT V̇E/V̇co2 | 48 ± 11 | 46 ± 9 | 36 ± 6 | 43 ± 9 | 45 ± 7 | 44.5 ± 8 | 33 ± 5#* | 42 ± 7 |
| PMT-V̇E/V̇co2 | 47 ± 9.0 | 50 ± 10 | 39 ± 7 | 47 ± 9 | 45 ± 8 | 48 ± 10 | 38.5 ± 5#* | 44 ± 8 |
| NMES-RT RER | ||||||||
| Excs-S1 | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 0.85 ± 0.07 | 0.84 ± 0.14 | 1.17 ± 0.18 | 0.91 ± 0.12 | 0.85 ± 0.09* | 0.86 ± 0.09* | 1.28 ± 0.23* |
| Excs-S2 | 0.99 ± 0.18 | 1.1 ± 0.15* | ||||||
| PMT RER | ||||||||
| Excs-S1 | 0.85 ± 0.12 | 0.84 ± 0.1 | 0.85 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.3 | 0.91 ± 0.12 | 0.88 ± 0.13 | 0.85 ± 0.11* | 1.3 ± 0.18* |
| Excs-S2 | 1.06 ± 0.16 | 0.99 ± 0.16 | ||||||
| NMES-RT energy exp., kcal/day | ||||||||
| Excs-S1 | 1,678 ± 345 | 1,802 ± 400 | 2,204 ± 452 | 2,538 ± 560 | 1,685 ± 437 | 1,810 ± 481 | 2,351 ± 732 | 2,484 ± 882 |
| Excs-S2 | 2,924 ± 1559 | 3,417 ± 1525 | ||||||
| PMT energy exp., kcal/day | ||||||||
| Excs-S1 | 1,686 ± 572 | 1,695 ± 351 | 2,120 ± 565 | 2,463 ± 942 | 1,617 ± 437 | 1,810 ± 543 | 1,986 ± 446 | 2,324 ± 599 |
| Excs-S2 | 3,079 ± 1330 | 3,086 ± 1169 | ||||||
| NMES-RT max. carbohydrate utilization, g/day | 273 ± 108 | 210 ± 116 | 582 ± 387 | 575 ± 154 | 252 ± 117 | 207 ± 135 | 719 ± 380 | 567 ± 219 |
| PMT-max. carbohydrate utilization, g/day | 182 ± 146 | 164 ± 76 | 645 ± 297 | 519 ± 254 | 257 ± 152 | 218 ± 145 | 592 ± 253 | 539 ± 177 |
| NMES-RT max. fat utilization, g/day | 57.5 ± 38 | 99 ± 31.5 | 170.5 ± 199 | 15 ± 32 | 67.5 ± 56 | 101 ± 61 | 113.5 ± 73 | 12.5 ± 54 |
| PMT-max. fat utilization, g/day | 99 ± 53 | 108 ± 51 | 115 ± 70 | 31.5 ± 62 | 58 ± 44 | 96 ± 67 | 110 ± 68 | 7.5 ± 24 |
| NMES-RT maximum resistance of the bike, N | 3.2 ± 1 | 3.8 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| PMT maximum resistance of the bike, N | 7.4 ± 7.5 | 4.9 ± 4.9 | ||||||
| NMES-RT maximum power, W | 6.6 ± 3.3 | 9 ± 4.4* | ||||||
| PMT maximum power, W | 16 ± 18 | 12 ± 16 | ||||||
| NMES-RT HR, beats/min | 82 ± 32 | 77 ± 16 | 119 ± 55 | 90 ± 39 | 84 ± 34 | 90 ± 35 | 146 ± 52 | 92 ± 39 |
| PMT HR, beats/min | 88 ± 37 | 86 ± 36 | 116 ± 38 | 103 ± 55 | 98 ± 37 | 99 ± 41 | 127 ± 49 | 93 ± 34 |
| NMES-RT systolic BP, mmHg; n = 13 | 101 ± 21.5 | 102 ± 14.5 | 129 ± 28 | 109.5 ± 20 | 99 ± 17 | 102.5 ± 17.5 | 136 ± 46 | 117 ± 17 |
| NMES-RT diastolic BP, mmHg; n = 13 | 65 ± 12.5 | 62 ± 12.5 | 70 ± 14 | 70 ± 12.5 | 63 ± 10 | 67 ± 7 | 79 ± 24 | 74.5 ± 11 |
| PMT systolic BP, mmHg; n = 13 | 112 ± 20 | 111 ± 20 | 135.5 ± 28 | 118.5 ± 17 | 106 ± 19 | 1,110 ± 19 | 138 ± 27 | 114.5 ± 19 |
| PMT diastolic BP mmHg; n = 13 | 67 ± 12.5 | 67 ± 13.5 | 76 ± 18.5 | 73 ± 11 | 66.5 ± 14 | 68 ± 14 | 80 ± 23 | 67 ± 14 |
XStatistical interaction compared with baseline exercise V̇o2; #significant differences between groups (NMES-RT and PMT); *significant increase in V̇o2 from resting or decrease in V̇E/V̇co2 ration from resting. S1, stage 1 of FES-LEC testing with a resistance set at 1 Nm; S2, stage 2 of FES-LEC testing with a resistance set at 3 Nm.
FES-LEC, functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling; HR, heart rate; NMES-RT, neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training; PMT, passive movement training; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; RT, resistance training; V̇co2, ventilatory efficiency relative to CO2; V̇o2, oxygen uptake; SCI, spinal cord injury.