. 2021 May 20;131(1):119–130. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00158.2021

Table 2.

Systemic and cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive scores under resting conditions pre- and postinterventions by groups

	SAT		AET		P Value (ANOVA)
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Time	Group	Time×Group
Body mass, kg	79.6 (15.0)	77.0 (17.8)	75.3 (15.5)	74.2 (16.1)	0.111	0.496	0.520
BMI, kg/m²	27.3 (4.0)	26.4 (4.4)	27.0 (4.8)	26.5 (4.7)	0.089	0.934	0.599
V̇o_2peak,
mL/min	2.08 (0.60)	1.99 (0.61)*	1.71 (0.63)	1.88 (0.61)*	0.187	0.246	<0.001
mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹	25.8 (4.6)	25.2 (4.8)	23.0 (6.2)	25.7 (6.5)*	0.024	0.536	<0.001
Heart rate, beats/min	66.1 (10.3)	62.5 (10.2)*	62.2 (9.5)	57.3 (6.6)*	<0.001	0.121	0.550
Systolic BP, mmHg	121.5 (12.1)	122.3 (11.4)	119.1 (5.8)	120.8 (9.3)	0.124	0.539	0.592
Diastolic BP, mmHg	73.9 (7.4)	74.6 (5.8)	74.9 (5.7)	75.2 (9.5)	0.549	0.734	0.786
MAP, mmHg	96.4 (12.0)	94.3 (12.1)	93.7 (8.5)	95.2 (11.3)	0.869	0.771	0.306
EtCO₂, mmHg	37.1 (3.0)	36.5 (3.2)	36.8 (3.5)	36.2 (2.8)	0.139	0.745	0.935
$S a_{O_{2}}$ , %	98.1 (1.4)	98.3 (1.0)	98.3 (1.2)	98.3 (0.9)	0.724	0.612	0.724
Cerebral hemodynamics
Mean CBFV, cm/s	49.0 (9.4)	46.9 (8.3)	48.3 (10.2)	49.2 (10.0)	0.581	0.780	0.225
CVCi, cm/s·mmHg	0.52 (0.12)	0.50 (0.09)	0.52 (0.10)	0.52 (0.12)	0.822	0.719	0.638
CVRi, mmHg·cm⁻¹·s⁻¹	2.04 (0.48)	2.07 (0.44)	2.01 (0.44)	2.02 (0.50)	0.818	0.777	0.884
Neurocognitive measures
CVLT-II total	45.1 (12.1)	45.2 (8.7)	45.2 (9.3)	48.5 (11.1)	0.307	0.581	0.339
CVLT-II long delayed free recall	8.4 (1.9)	10.2 (2.0)	9.4 (1.9)	10.2 (3.9)	0.005	0.516	0.229
D-KEFS trail making test	10.7 (3.9)	12.5 (1.8)	11.5 (2.3)	12.2 (1.7)	0.004	0.787	0.196
D-KEFS color-word inhibition	10.7 (3.2)	11.7 (2.4)	11.3 (1.9)	12.0 (1.9)	0.004	0.588	0.658
D-KEFS letter fluency	11.1 (3.1)	10.9 (3.3)	9.7 (3.6)	10.8 (3.8)	0.240	0.495	0.116
D-KEFS category fluency	10.9 (3.7)	11.4 (3.9)	10.4 (3.2)	12.5 (3.5)	0.008	0.829	0.073

Data are presented as means ± SD. Total of 37 subjects (19 in SAT and 18 in AET). Two-way repeated ANOVA was performed to test the main effects of time and group as well as the interaction effect of time-by-group. *P < 0.05 compared with pre. Bold values represent P < 0.05.

AET, aerobic exercise training; ANOVA, analysis of variance; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CBFV, cerebral blood flow velocity; CVCi, cerebrovascular conductance index; CVLT-II, California verbal learning test-second edition; CVRi, cerebrovascular resistance index; D-KEFS, D-KEFS, Delis-Kaplan executive function system (higher scores indicate better cognitive function); EtCO₂, end-tidal CO₂; MAP, mean arterial pressure; $S a_{O_{2}}$ , arterial blood oxygen saturation; SAT, stretching-and-toning; V̇o_2peak, peak oxygen uptake.