Table 2.
Participant characteristics and medication use
| Overlap Syndrome n = 12 | COPD Only n = 47 | OSA Only n = 9 | Former Smokers Controls n = 21 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical variables | |||||
| Age, yr | 72 ± 7 | 70 ± 7 | 67 ± 8 | 67 ± 6 | 0.09 |
| Race, n, % black | 2 (17) | 5 (11) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0.50 |
| Sex, n, % male | 10 (83) | 23 (51) | 7 (58) | 13 (62) | 0.24 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33 ± 5 | 27 ± 5* | 32 ± 6† | 28 ± 3* | <0.001 |
| Smoking history, pack years | 59.3 ± 40.7 | 58.9 ± 33.6 | 44.4 ± 27.3 | 35.0 ± 22.4† | 0.03 |
| Brachial systolic BP, mmHg | 126 ± 9 | 126 ± 12 | 129 ± 7 | 120 ± 13 | 0.18 |
| Brachial diastolic BP, mmHg | 74 ± 9 | 75 ± 8 | 74 ± 8 | 72 ± 9 | 0.71 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 64 ± 12 | 66 ± 9 | 62 ± 13 | 58 ± 8† | 0.03 |
| Depressive symptom severity (HADS) | 4.1 ± 3.2 | 3.2 ± 2.8 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 1.3 ± 1.1* | 0.01 |
| Anxiety symptom severity (HADS-A) | 4.6 ± 4.1 | 3.9 ± 3.2 | 4.7 ± 2.4 | 3.1 ± 2.2 | 0.49 |
| Education, yr | 14.3 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 2.2 | 14.8 ± 2.3 | 14.7 ± 2.4 | 0.46 |
| Self-reported medical history | |||||
| HTN, n, % yes | 7 (58%) | 20 (43%) | 2 (22%) | 5 (24%) | 0.15 |
| High cholesterol, n, % yes | 7 (58%) | 27 (57%) | 3 (33%) | 15 (71%) | 0.28 |
| Type II diabetes, n, % yes | 3 (25% | 3 (6%) | 1 (11%) | 2 (10%) | 0.30 |
| Medication use | |||||
| ACE inhibitors, n, % yes | 3 (25) | 9 (19) | 1 (11) | 4 (19) | 0.89 |
| Calcium channel blockers, n, % yes | 2 (17) | 5 (11) | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 0.66 |
| β Blockers, n, % yes | 3 (25) | 9 (19) | 2 (22) | 5 (24) | 0.96 |
| Statins, n, % yes | 8 (67) | 26 (55) | 4 (44) | 10 (48) | 0.69 |
| Diuretics, n, % yes | 6 (50) | 9 (19) | 2 (22) | 5 (24) | 0.18 |
| Inhaled ICS/LABA, n, % yes | 4 (33) | 24 (51) | 0 (8) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Inhaled LAMA, n, % yes | 3 (25) | 24 (53) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | <0.001 |
| Inhaled SABA, n, % yes | 3 (25) | 18 (38) | 1 (11) | 1 (5) | 0.13 |
Data are means ± SD. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ICS/LABA, inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β agonist combination therapy; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA, short acting-β agonist. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used for all continuous variables and χ2 tests were used for categorical variables. *P < 0.05 vs. overlap syndrome group; †P < 0.05 vs. COPD group. n = number of subjects.