Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and hemodynamic assessment
| Controls | Ipc-PH | Cpc-PH | PAH | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10 | 20 | 20 | 30 |
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age, yr | 65 ± 10 | 57 ± 13 | 69 ± 11 | 59 ± 16 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28 ± 4 | 39 ± 11ad | 32 ± 8 | 27 ± 6 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 6 (60) | 14 (70) | 15 (75) | 23 (76) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.7 ± 1.3 | 11.5 ± 2.8 | 12.5 ± 1.9 | 12.9 ± 2.1 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Systemic hypertension | 7 (70) | 12 (60) | 9 (45) | 12 (40) |
| Diabetes | 2 (20) | 6 (30) | 3 (15) | 3 (10) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0 | 2 (10) | 9 (45) | 2 (7) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 1 (14) | 10 (50) | 7 (35) | 6 (20) |
| Coronary artery disease | 2 (20) | 2 (10) | 3 (15) | 0 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| β-adrenergic receptor blocker | 2 (20) | 6 (30) | 12 (66) | 6 (20) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 3 (30) | 7 (35) | 3 (17) | 5 (16) |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 3 (30) | 7 (35) | 6 (33) | 5 (17) |
| Diuretics | 4 (40) | 12 (60) | 13 (72) | 15 (52) |
| Right heart catheterization | ||||
| SpO2, % | 96 ± 2 | 94 ± 5 | 93 ± 7 | 95 ± 4 |
| MvO2, % | 74 ± 5 | 65 ± 9 | 61 ± 8ad | 67 ± 5 |
| Right atrial pressure, mmHg | 5 ± 3 | 12 ± 3ad | 14 ± 3ad | 8 ± 2 |
| Stroke volume index, mL/m2 | 39.5 ± 5.4 | 47.5 ± 16.7 | 35.9 ± 11.3b | 39.7 ± 12.1 |
| Cardiac index, L/min/m2 | 2.99 ± 0.6 | 3.29 ± 0.71 | 2.52 ± 0.76b | 2.96 ± 1.0 |
| mPAP, mmHg | 18 ± 1 | 34 ± 6a | 54 ± 10ab | 42 ± 11ab |
| PAWP, mmHg | 9 ± 3 | 20 ± 3ad | 23 ± 5ad | 10 ± 3 |
| PVR, WU | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 6.7 ± 2.2ab | 6.7 ± 3.0ab |
| TPR, WU | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 1.0a | 11.5 ± 3.2abd | 8.8 ± 4.3ab |
| DPG, mmHg | 3 ± 1 | 3 ± 4 | 13 ± 6ab | 16 ± 7abc |
| PA compliance, mL/mmHg | 5.4 ± 3.1 | 3.9 ± 0.9a | 1.4 ± 0.5ab | 2.1 ± 1.0ab |
| PV distensibility, %/mmHg | 1.32 ± 0.45 | 0.95 ± 0.43a | 0.42 ± 0.17ab | 0.33 ± 0.18ab |
| Zc, dyne·s·cm−5 | 30.58 ± 9.9 | 34.46 ± 9.3 | 55.25 ± 24.2ab | 54.11 ± 24.6ab |
| Wave reflection coefficient, λ | 0.79 ± 0.03 | 0.84 ± 0.02a | 0.87 ± 0.05a | 0.85 ± 0.04a |
| RV functional assessment | ||||
| Ees, mmHg/mL/m2) | 0.36 ± 0.2 | 0.28 ± 0.13 | 0.58 ± 0.31b | 0.53 ± 0.3b |
| Ea, mmHg/mL/m2) | 0.31 ± 0.1 | 0.51 ± 0.3 | 1.04 ± 0.3ab | 0.84 ± 0.4ab |
| RV-PA coupling (Ees/Ea) | 1.11 ± 0.4 | 0.66 ± 0.5a | 0.58 ± 0.3a | 0.67 ± 0.4a |
Data presented as n (%) or means ± SD. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; Cpc-PH, combined pre- and postcapillary pulmonary hypertension; DPG, diastolic pressure gradient; Ea, arterial elastance; Ees, end-systolic elastance; Ipc-PH, isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension; mPAP, mean pulmonary artery pressure; MvO2, mixed venous oxygen saturation; PA, pulmonary artery; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PAWP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PV, pulmonary vascular; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RV, right ventricle; SpO2, peripheral oxygen saturation; TPR, total pulmonary resistance; WU, Wood unit; Zc, characteristic impedance.
aP < 0.05 vs. controls; bP < 0.05 vs. Ipc-PH; cP < 0.05 vs. Cpc-PH; dP < 0.05 vs. PAH.