The open surgery of rat common carotid artery angioplasty followed by periadventitial application of UM (without or with rapamycin) was described in Methods. At post-surgery 14 days arteries were harvested for cross-section preparation and H&E staining. (A) Representative H&E-stained artery cross-sections. Scale bar: 200 μm. (B) High-mag images. Scale bar: 50 μm. (C) Morphometric quantification: mean ± SEM, n = 6–8 rats, as indicated by the data points in each plot. Statistics: ANOVA and Bonferroni test: *P <0.05. r.u., relative unit. The calculation of I/M ratio, normalized intimal thickness, and stenosis rate are described in Methods.