Fig. 2.

Protein analyses of kidney EVs by western blot and mass spectrometry. a Western blots of lysed kidney EVs demonstrate presence of flotillin-1, CD63, and CD81 and absence of cellular debris marker calnexin. Control samples were MCF7 membrane (HI) and cytosolic protein (LO) fractions. b Bubble plot of EV protein expression across kidney EVs demonstrates a similar pattern of EV protein expression as seen on the western blots. For each marker, log₂ ratios were calculated by normalization to the reference channel (pooled cellular reference). c Functional Gene Ontology (GO) annotation of the EV-associated proteins commonly identified across six renal cell lines