TABLE 1.
Demographic and COVID-19 Variables
| None (n = 1079) | Overdose (n = 47) | P, (OR)∗ | |
| Sex (%) | 0.942 | ||
| Female | 677 (65.6) | 28 (70.0) | |
| Male | 333 (32.3) | 12 (30.0) | |
| Other | 22 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Age (%) | 0.334 | ||
| 18–25 | 43 (4.2) | 3 (7.3) | |
| 26–40 | 344 (33.3) | 16 (39.0) | |
| 41–60 | 467 (45.2) | 18 (43.9) | |
| 61–64 | 90 (8.7) | 1 (2.4) | |
| 65–74 | 80 (7.7) | 2 (4.9) | |
| 75 yrs or older | 9 (0.9) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Hispanic or Latino Ethnicity (%) | 81 (7.9) | 1 (2.3) | 0.246 (0.28) |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | 0.176 | ||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 17 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Asian | 12 (1.2) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Black or African American | 46 (4.5) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1 (0.1) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Other | 47 (4.6) | 2 (4.7) | |
| White | 900 (88.0) | 38 (88.4) | |
| Education (%) | 0.018 | ||
| Less than high school | 11 (1.1) | 1 (2.3) | |
| High school/equivalent | 120 (11.6) | 6 (14.0) | |
| Some college, no degree | 242 (23.5) | 15 (34.9) | |
| Associate degree | 108 (10.5) | 9 (20.9) | |
| Bachelor's degree | 283 (27.4) | 6 (14.0) | |
| Graduate or professional degree | 267 (25.9) | 6 (14.0) | |
| Involved Substances | |||
| Polysubstance (%) | 704 (66.0) | 36 (76.6) | 0.156 (1.68) |
| Alcohol (%) | 700 (65.6) | 30 (63.8) | 0.876 (0.93) |
| Nicotine (%) | 426 (39.9) | 26 (55.3) | 0.047 (1.86) |
| Stimulants (%) | 450 (42.2) | 25 (53.2) | 0.174 (1.56) |
| Opioids (%) | 492 (46.1) | 34 (72.3) | <0.001 (3.05) |
| Sedatives (%) | 228 (21.4) | 11 (23.4) | 0.718 (0.92) |
| Marijuana (%) | 406 (38.1) | 17 (36.2) | 0.879 (1.12) |
| Other substances (%) | 95 (8.9) | 7 (14.9) | 0.189 (1.79) |
| Personal Involvement | |||
| Family member (%) | 423 (39.4) | 25 (53.2) | 0.068 (1.75) |
| In recovery (%) | 582 (54.2) | 18 (38.3) | 0.037 (0.53) |
| Currently using (%) | 111 (10.3) | 10 (21.3) | 0.028 (2.34) |
| In treatment (%) | 80 (7.4) | 4 (8.5) | 0.775 (1.15) |
| COVID status (%) | 0.030 | ||
| Never tested, no symptoms | 915 (85.0) | 34 (72.3) | |
| Never tested, yes symptoms | 96 (8.9) | 5 (10.6) | |
| Tested and diagnosed | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Tested negative | 64 (5.9) | 8 (17.0) | |
| COVID impacts | |||
| Substance use has increased (%) | 203 (19.0) | 26 (60.5) | <0.001 (6.52) |
| Yes, COVID impacted services (%) | 340 (33.1) | 28 (66.7) | <0.001 (4.04) |
| Accessed telehealth (%) | 188 (18.4) | 11 (28.2) | 0.141 (1.75) |
| Accessed more doses (%) | 30 (2.9) | 5 (12.8) | 0.007 (4.85) |
| Accessed curbside medication (%) | 43 (4.2) | 5 (12.8) | 0.027 (3.34) |
| Unable to access naloxone (%) | 23 (2.2) | 6 (15.4) | <0.001 (7.88) |
| Unable to access syringes (%) | 18 (1.8) | 6 (15.4) | <0.001 (10.1) |
| Unable to access needed services (%) | 139 (13.6) | 12 (30.8) | 0.008 (2.82) |
∗
P value calculated by Fisher exact test due to small cell sizes. Odds ratios given for 2 × 2 tables.