Fig. 2.

Schematic of how the changes in ischemic microenvironment can affect MSCs (red arrow), and in turned, be

modified by the presence of MSC administration (blue arrow). Changes in the environment such as oxygen and nutrition deprivation and host immune response can negatively affect the survival and proliferation of MSCs. On the other hand, the administration of MSCs during ischemic condition can help to reverse the damages caused by ischemic condition. Improvement of the condition is induced by the effect generated from MSCs characteristics of immunomodulation, microenvironment generation, homing and differentiation. MSCs generate secretome containing growth factors, cytokines and chemokines to modulate the host immune response, resolving cell death signal and balancing angiogenic and angiostatic pool in the ischemic site. MSCs can also home and guide the regeneration of nerve in the ischemic tissue to support tissue recovery