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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Neurol. 2020 Jul 28;333:113410. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113410

Table 2.

Behavioral outcome measures for assessing forpaw function.

Behavior (Forepaw) Neural substrate Gross/fine
Rodent Grip Strength Test Peripheral and central sensory systems (dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord, dorsal spinal roots) Gross
Cylinder Reticulospinal, vestibulospinal Gross
Montoya Staircase Cortico-, Rubro-, Reticulospinal Tracts Fine
Grooming Motion Analysis Brainstem, cerebellum, striatum (for coordination, modulation and pattern generation) Gross
Cortex, hypothalamus and amygdala (for regulation)
Froot Loop Manipulation Cortico-, Rubro-, Reticulospinal Tracts Fine
 Pasta Breaking/Eating
 Single Pellet Grasping
 Pulling a lever/Rotating Knob

Note: Serotonergic and other neuromodulatory fibers are important in regulating spinal excitability and thus influence all motor tasks.