Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the included subjects
| Clinical parameters | Control (n = 10) | T2DM (n = 15) | DKD (n = 15) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 47.10 ± 9.27 | 48.00 ± 10.95 | 60.13 ± 11.76 | 0.0048 |
| Gender (female, %) | 3 (30.00%) | 4(26.67%) | 2 (13.33%) | 0.5585 |
| BMI | 23.75 ± 3.54 | 26.33 ± 5.77 | 24.80 ± 2.16 | 0.3081 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.10 ± 16.96 | 123.07 ± 10.07 | 155.50 ± 20.18 | < 0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.50 (78.75–85.50) | 81.00 (76.00–85.00) | 85.00 (81.00–90.00) | 0.4273 |
| T2DM duration (yrs) | – | 2(0.25–8) | 10 (10–20) | < 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | – | 10.32 ± 2.24 | 7.34 ± 1.26 | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR (MDRD, ml/min/1.73m2) | 133.95 ± 32.80 | 143.73 ± 30.72 | 18.59 ± 12.64 | < 0.0001 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI, ml/min/1.73m2) | 107.19 ± 16.53 | 116.34 ± 13.32 | 18.05 ± 12.87 | < 0.0001 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.75 ± 1.10 | 5.20 ± 1.89 | 19.17 ± 10.53 | < 0.0001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 57.83 ± 11.96 | 55.70 ± 11.48 | 465.72 ± 342.07 | < 0.0001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.71 ± 0.87 | 4.72 ± 0.83 | 4.85 ± 1.82 | 0.9483 |
| TG (mmol) | 0.85(0.54–2.34) | 1.77(1.57–3.02) | 1.49 (1.27–2.95) | 0.0791 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | – | 2.62 ± 0.84 | 2.55 ± 1.33 | 0.8668 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | – | 0.93 ± 0.27 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 0.8344 |
| 24-h urine protein (g/d) | – | – | 6.92 ± 3.10 | – |
| Urine protein to creatinine ratio | – | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 4.87 ± 2.03 | < 0.0001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 43.47 ± 1.81 | 40.42 ± 3.10 | 30.37 ± 6.26 | < 0.0001 |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 3.44 (0.22–6.49) | – | 2692.30 (1251.19–4346.50) | < 0.0001 |
| Urine β2MG (mg/L) | 0.21 (0.04–0.27) | – | 20.83 (12.07–31.28) | < 0.0001 |
| Urine RBP (mg/L) | 0.15 (0.01–0.42) | – | 13.40 (7.80–18.54) | < 0.0001 |
| Urine CYC (mg/L) | 0.01 (0.01–0.11) | – | 1.58 (0.82–2.21) | < 0.0001 |
| Serum CYC (mg/L) | – | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 3.64 ± 1.71 | < 0.0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 137.20 ± 8.64 | 141.47 ± 13.63 | 94.40 ± 17.76 | < 0.0001 |
| WBC (109/L) | 6.15 ± 1.06 | 6.23 ± 1.04 | 6.10 ± 1.87 | 0.9712 |
| Monocytes (109/L) | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | 0.51 ± 0.28 | 0.5720 |
| Lymphocytes (109/L) | 2.11 ± 0.59 | 2.12 ± 0.47 | 1.45 ± 1.20 | 0.0685 |
| Neutrophils (109/L) | 3.45 ± 0.98 | 3.50 ± 1.03 | 4.12 ± 1.45 | 0.2756 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | – | 1.51(1.13–2.88) | 1.92(0.61–3.18) | 0.9907 |
Measurement data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range according to normal distribution statue, categorial data was expressed as number and percentages
BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, T2DM type II diabetes mellitus, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, MDRD The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, CKD-EPI The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BUN blood urea nitrogen, RBP retinol-binding protein, CYC cystatin-C, WBC White Blood Cell