Table 1.
Baseline demographic data and physical fitness values in the TCE and CON groups
| Variable | CON group (N = 32) | TCE group (N = 36) | 95 % Confidence interval | t | p | Cohen’ d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||
| Age (years) | 75.4 ± 6.4 | 77.4 ± 5.9 | - | - | 1.355 | 0.180 | 0.325 |
| Sex (Female/Male) | 30/2 | 32/4 | - | - | - | 0.481 | - |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 2.7 | 24.7 ± 2.6 | -0.589 | 2.015 | 1.093 | 0.278 | 0.264 |
| 30-s arm curl test (no. of times) | 23.3 ± 6.5 | 21.4 ± 5.8 | -4.994 | 1.029 | -1.315 | 0.193 | 0.308 |
| 30-s chair stand (no. of times) | 17.3 ± 3.5 | 16.2 ± 3.7 | -2.789 | 0.734 | -1.165 | 0.248 | 0.305 |
| 2-min step test (no. of times) | 170.6 ± 35.6 | 146.2 ± 37.4 | -42.130 | -6.675 | -2.748 | 0.008 | 0.668 |
| Chair sit-and-reach test (cm) | -4.4 ± 8.8 | -9.1 ± 9.4 | -9.076 | -0.240 | -2.105 | 0.039 | 0.516 |
| Back-scratch flexibility test (cm) | -7.4 ± 6.1 | -9.9 ± 12.1 | -7.135 | 2.002 | -1.088 | 0.281 | 0.261 |
| Single-leg stand with eyes opened (s) | 13.8 ± 12.9 | 12.8 ± 12.3 | -7.156 | 5.039 | -0.347 | 0.730 | 0.080 |
| Single-leg stand with eyes closed (s) | 5.3 ± 2.2 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | -3.021 | -1.159 | -4.482 | 3.02*10− 5 | 1.092 |
| Functional-reach test (cm) | 20.5 ± 6.9 | 16.0 ± 4.6 | -7.426 | -1.664 | -3.235 | 0.002 | 0.767 |
| 8-foot up-and-go test (s) | 8.4 ± 3.2 | 10.0 ± 3.4 | 0.009 | 3.188 | 2.007 | 0.049 | 0.485 |
| 10-m walk test (s) | 8.0 ± 1.8 | 8.3 ± 2.5 | -0.788 | 1.331 | 0.512 | 0.611 | 0.138 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation
bold p value represents reaching the significant level (p < 0.05)