TABLE 2.
Gestational weight gain velocity and adequacy by maternal demographics
| Gestational weight gain velocity1 (kg/wk) | Adequacy of gestational weight gain (n [%]) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n | Mean ± SD | P value | Inadequate (n = 1731) | Adequate (n = 242) | Excessive (n = 345) | P value |
| Site | |||||||
| DRC | 440 | 0.216 ± 0.154 | <0.001 | 410 (93) | 13 (3) | 17 (4) | <0.001 |
| Guatemala | 610 | 0.307 ± 0.144 | 386 (63) | 77 (13) | 146 (24) | ||
| India | 589 | 0.392 ± 0.125 | 396 (67) | 79 (13) | 114 (19) | ||
| Pakistan | 680 | 0.298 ± 0.228 | 539 (79) | 73 (11) | 68 (10) | ||
| Treatment Arm2 | |||||||
| Arm 1 | 753 | 0.307 ± 0.178 | 0.10 | 584 (78) | 65 (9) | 104 (14) | 0.086 |
| Arm 2 | 822 | 0.319 ± 0.180 | 588 (72) | 99 (12) | 134 (16) | ||
| Arm 3 | 744 | 0.299 ± 0.182 | 559 (75) | 78 (10) | 107 (14) | ||
| Baseline BMI categories3 | |||||||
| Underweight | 541 | 0.328 ± 0.172 | <0.001 | 483 (89) | 22 (4) | 36 (7) | <0.001 |
| Normal weight | 1384 | 0.310 ± 0.184 | 1058 (76) | 176 (13) | 150 (11) | ||
| Overweight/obese | 393 | 0.277 ± 0.175 | 190 (48) | 44 (11) | 159 (40) | ||
| Age, y | |||||||
| <20 | 474 | 0.292 ± 0.195 | <0.001 | 366 (77) | 44 (9) | 64 (14) | 0.62 |
| 20–24 | 955 | 0.326 ± 0.172 | 700 (73) | 107 (11) | 147 (15) | ||
| 25+ | 890 | 0.300 ± 0.180 | 665 (75) | 91 (10) | 134 (15) | ||
| Parity | |||||||
| Nulliparous | 482 | 0.294 ± 0.196 | 0.038 | 376 (78) | 40 (8) | 66 (14) | 0.13 |
| Primi/multiparous | 1837 | 0.313 ± 0.176 | 1355 (74) | 202 (11) | 279 (15) | ||
Data presented as mean ± SD or n (%). ANOVA were used for weight gain comparisons and chi-square tests for adequacy of weight gain comparisons.
Gestational weight gain velocity was defined as the change in weight (kg) between 2 maternal weight measurements, divided by the number of weeks between the 2 measurements. Maternal weight measurements were recorded at ∼12 and 32 weeks of gestation.
Maternal participants in Arm 1 started the intervention ≥3 mo prior to conception; Arm 2 started the same intervention at ∼12 weeks of gestation; and Arm 3 (control) received no study intervention.
Baseline BMI categories were defined based on the maternal weight at enrollment in the study, prior to conception: Underweight (<18.5), Normal Weight (18.5–24.9), and Overweight/Obese (≥25).
DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo.