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. 2021 Apr 19;114(2):515–529. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab073

TABLE 7.

HRs and 95% CIs for total mortality, and characteristics, of men participating in the Västerbotten Intervention Programme during 1990–2016, classified into 4 groups according to their diet quality calculated by the nutrient density index NRF11.3 and climate impact1

Men (n = 47,651)
HNutr/LClim (n total = 12,719; n cases = 1305) P HNutr/HClim (n total = 11,108; n cases = 789) P LNutr/LClim (n total = 11,105; n cases = 1244) P LNutr/HClim, reference group (n total = 12,719; n cases = 874)
HR mortality2 (95% CI), basic model 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) 0.307 0.87 (0.79, 0.96) 0.004 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) 0.051 1.00
HR mortality3 (95% CI), model 1 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) 0.320 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) 0.106 1.13 (1.03, 1.23) 0.009 1.00
HR mortality4 (95% CI), model 2 1.01 (0.93, 1.11) 0.765 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) 0.072 1.10 (1.01, 1.21) 0.033 1.00
Age,5 y 47.3 ± 7.9 48.4 ± 8.1 48.1 ± 8.1 48.2 ± 7.9
Systolic blood pressure,5 mm Hg 128.8 ± 16.4 128.6 ± 16.3 128.3 ± 16.7 128.5 ± 16.1
Diastolic blood pressure,5 mm Hg 80.7 ± 10.5 80.7 ± 10.5 80.7 ± 10.7 81.2 ± 10.7
Serum cholesterol,5 mmol/L 5.5 ± 1.2 5.6 ± 1.1 5.6 ± 1.2 5.7 ± 1.1
Fasting blood glucose (capillary),5 mmol/L 5.5 ± 1.1 5.6 ± 1.2 5.5 ± 1.0 5.5 ± 1.1
2-h blood glucose,5 mmol/L 6.4 ± 1.7 6.4 ± 1.7 6.4 ± 1.7 6.4 ± 1.8
BMI,5 kg/m2 26.4 ± 3.6 26.9 ± 3.8 26.1 ± 3.7 26.8 ±  4.0
 Underweight, <18.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3
 Normal, 18.5–25.0 39.6 31.4 41.8 33.1
 Overweight, >25.0–30.0 47.6 50.2 45.5 48.4
 Obese, >30.0 12.5 18.2 12.2 18.3
Physical activity
 Inactive 17.2 18.2 18.7 19.8
 Moderately inactive 30.7 29.7 31.0 29.5
 Moderately active 27.4 27.2 30.8 29.6
 Active 24.4 24.6 19.1 20.8
Level of education
 Basic level, 9 y 41.1 34.6 46.9 37.3
 High school 31.3 32.7 33.0 38.1
 University 27.1 32.2 19.4 24.1
Smoking
 Currently smoking 15.8 15.9 21.6 21.8
 Have smoked 31.9 32.5 29.3 30.4
 Never smoked 51.0 50.3 47.4 46.2
Climate impact per day and 2500 kcal, kg CO2e 3.1 [2.8–3.5] 4.3 [3.9–4.9] 3.1 [2.8–3.5] 4.4 [4.0–5.1]
Energy-adjusted climate impact per year, tonnes CO2e 1.1 [1.0–1.3] 1.6 [1.4–1.8] 1.1 [1.0–1.3] 1.6 [1.5–1.9]
Nutrient density score per day and 2500 kcal6 7.1 [6.8–7.5] 7.1 [6.8–7.4] 5.9 [5.3–6.2] 5.9 [5.3–6.2]
1

Values are means ± SDs, medians [IQRs], or percentages, unless otherwise indicated. HRs, 95% CIs, and P values estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression. NRF11.3 is based on the NRF index. Qualitative nutrients in NRF11.3 are protein, fiber, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, and folate, and disqualitative nutrients are sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars. All qualitative nutrients in NRF11.3 are capped at the DRI except for fiber, which has no recommended upper limits. All group differences were P < 0.05 and mostly P < 0.001, except for systolic blood pressure (P = 0.194) and 2-h blood glucose (P = 0.323), tested using 1-factor ANOVA, the Kruskal–Wallis test, and chi-square test. CO2e, carbon dioxide equivalents; HNutr/HClim, higher nutrient density/higher climate impact; HNutr/LClim, higher nutrient density/lower climate impact; LNutr/HClim, lower nutrient density/higher climate impact; LNutr/LClim, lower nutrient density/lower climate impact; NRF index, Nutrient Rich Foods index.

2

Basic model adjusted for age and age squared.

3

Model 1 adjusted for age, age squared, BMI, physical activity, educational level, and smoking status.

4

Model 2 adjusted for age, age squared, BMI, physical activity, educational level, smoking status, and year of participation.

5

Adjusted for age and year of study participation.

6

Calculated by NRF11.3 with capping.