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Schematic of the signaling pathways involved in TNF-α augments CXCL10/CXCR3 axis to promote CC cell EMT, invasion and migration. TNF-α up-regulates CXCL10 level within CC through p38 MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways. Besides, CXCL10 promotes migration and invasion of CXCR3-expressing autogenous CC cells; on the other hand, CXCL10/CXCR3 regulates EMT in CC cells via PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/Snail pathway. All of these changes in cell biological activity can promote colon cancer metastasis.
