Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Mediation causal structure with outcome Y, exposure A, mediator M, baseline confounder(s) Z, and exposure-induced mediator-outcome confounder(s) W. The controlled direct effect captures the A → Y effect when M is fixed to some m. Natural direct and indirect effects are not identified under this structure due to the A → W arrow, but randomized interventional analogs are identified
