Table 1.
Details of included studies.
| References | Location | Database used | Study period | Sample size | Mean age (Years) | DM medication assessed | Medication users | Adjusted Factors for study outcome | Follow-up (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wahlqvist et al. (29) | Taiwan | Taiwan Health Insurance Database | 1996–2007 | 11,730 | 64.3 ± 9.6 | Metformin Sulfonylurea |
1,879 3,431 |
Date of diagnosis, gender, age, locality, monthly income, level of care, comorbidity index, insulin use | NR |
| Brauer et al. (30) | UK | United Kingdom Clinical Practice Database | 1999–2013 | 164,970 | 62.7 (53.9–71.1)* | GTZ | 7,906 | Smoking, alcohol, BMI, head injury, duration of diabetes, glycated hemoglobin, use of calcium channel blockers, hormone replacement therapy | 6.1 |
| Connolly et al. (31) | USA | Medicare Database | 1997–2005 | 29,397 | 77.63 ± 6.88 | GTZ Sulfonylurea |
5,230 24,167 |
Propensity score matching | 2.97 |
| Svenningsson et al. (34) | Sweden | Swedish Patient Register | 2008–2010 | 5,880 | NR | DPP4i GLP1a |
67 8 |
Age, sex, insulin use, education | NR |
| Brakedal et al. (32) | Norway | Norwegian Prescription Database | 2004–2014 | 102,745 | 63.45 ± 11.15 | GTZ Metformin |
8,396 94,349 |
Age and sex | 6.95 |
| Kaun et al. (33) | Taiwan | Taiwan Health Insurance Database | 2000–2010 | 9,302 | 64.7 ± 9.7 | Metformin | 4,651 | Age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index, comorbidities of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, arrhythmia, stroke, head injury, and coronary artery disease; and medications of antidiabetes mellitus drug, anti-hypertensive drug, and statin | 12 |
| Shi et al. (35) | USA | Veterans Integrated Services Network | 2004–2010 | 5,530 | 63.24 ± 10.85 | Metformin | 2,774 | Propensity score matching | 5.2 |
| Brauer et al. (36) | UK | The Health Improvement Network database | 2006–2019 | 100,288 | 62.7 ± 12.6 | GTZ DPP4i GLP1a |
21,175 36,897 10,684 |
Propensity score matching | 2.81–3.6 |
| Rhee et al. (37) | South Korea | National Health insurance Service | 2009–2010 | 1,308,089 | 60.8 ± 10 | Metformin Sulfonylurea GTZ DPP4i Meglitinide α-Glucosidase inhibitor |
644,921 710,658 121,375 80,151 42,808 204,867 |
Age, sex, body mass index, smoking, drinking, and physical activity | 6.3 |
| Chang et al. (28) | Taiwan | Taiwan Health Insurance Database | 1996–2013 | 48,828 | 57.91 ± 10.27 | GTZ | 24,414 | Age, gender, DM duration, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and insulin use | 10 |
*
Median (Interquartile range).
GTZ, glitazones; DPP4i, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; GLP1a, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists; DM, diabetes mellitus; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.