IL-16 promotes cell proliferation via integrin β1 in different cell types.A, crab hemocytes proliferation detected by EdU labeling. EdU was applied to untreated hemocytes, Staphylococcus aureus stimulated hemocytes, S. aureus plus rEsIL-16 stimulated hemocytes, and S. aureus plus rEsIL-16 stimulated Esintegrin β1–silenced hemocytes at time points indicated (12 and 48 h). Hemocytes were labeled anti-EdU (green) and anti-DAPI (blue). B, S2 cells proliferation monitored using CFSE labeling. CFSE was used to label the Esintegrin β1–expressed S2 cells, rEsIL-16–stimulated S2 cells, or rEsIL-16–stimulated S2 cells that express Esintegrin β1. After 24 h, cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells at the right side represent nondivided CFSE-labeled responder cells, whereas the cells at the left side indicate daughter cell population that represent divided CFSE-labeled cells. Data are representative of three independent repeats. CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; IL-16; interleukin 16.