Table 1.
Frequencies of Sociodemographic, Clinical, and Pathogen Characteristics by Diagnostic Categories
| Absent | Present | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Shigella Culture | Absenta (n = 3397) | qPCR-unattributableb (n = 676) | qPCR-attributablec(n = 852) | Any qPCR valued (n = 745) | ||||
| Shigella qPCR | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||||||
| Age | |||||||||
| 1–11 m | 1684 | (49.6) | 129 | (19.1) | 149 | (17.5) | 91 | (12.2) | |
| 12–23 m | 977 | (28.8) | 271 | (40.1) | 405 | (47.5) | 301 | (40.4) | |
| 24–59 m | 736 | (21.7) | 276 | (40.8) | 298 | (35.0) | 353 | (47.4) | |
| Female sex | 1422 | (42.5) | 276 | (40.8) | 371 | (43.5) | 339 | (45.5) | |
| Site | |||||||||
| Bangladesh | 357 | (10.5) | 35 | (5.2) | 98 | (11.5) | 410 | (55.0) | |
| India | 567 | (16.7) | 123 | (18.2) | 138 | (16.2) | 58 | (7.8) | |
| Kenya | 650 | (19.3) | 107 | (15.8) | 83 | (9.7) | 72 | (9.7) | |
| Mali | 556 | (16.4) | 150 | (22.2) | 163 | (19.1) | 18 | (2.4) | |
| Mozambique | 337 | (9.9) | 73 | (10.8) | 85 | (10.0) | 24 | (3.2) | |
| Pakistan | 481 | (14.2) | 110 | (16.3) | 153 | (18.0) | 86 | (11.5) | |
| The Gambia | 449 | (13.2) | 78 | (11.5) | 132 | (15.5) | 77 | (10.3) | |
| Clinical characteristics at enrollment | |||||||||
| Dysentery | 459 | (13.5) | 91 | (13.5) | 355 | (41.7) | 534 | (71.7) | |
| Caregiver reported mucoid stool | 765 | (22.5) | 148 | (21.9) | 255 | (29.9) | 364 | (48.9) | |
| Duration of diarrhea (including day of presentation) ≥3 d | 1748 | (51.5) | 348 | (51.5) | 489 | (57.4) | 351 | (47.1) | |
| ≥7 loose stools child in 24-h period | 1213 | (35.7) | 218 | (32.3) | 303 | (35.6) | 424 | (56.9) | |
| Temperature ≥ 38°C | 735 | (21.6) | 129 | (19.1) | 140 | (16.4) | 238 | (32.0) | |
| Caregiver reported vomiting > 3 times per day | 1509 | (44.4) | 289 | (42.8) | 222 | (26.1) | 162 | (21.7) | |
| Severe dehydration | 1908 | (56.2) | 390 | (57.7) | 437 | (51.3) | 221 | (30.0) | |
| Stunted (LAZ <−2) | 943 | (27.9) | 240 | (35.7) | 310 | (36.7) | 214 | (28.9) | |
| Wastede (MUAC <12.5cm) | 411 | (14.3) | 99 | (15.3) | 124 | (15.0) | 66 | (9.1) | |
| Hospitalized | 819 | (24.1) | 158 | (23.4) | 145 | (17.0) | 209 | (28.1) | |
| Severe by modified Vesikari scoref | 1544 | (45.5) | 314 | (46.5) | 298 | (35.0) | 304 | (40.8) | |
| Other etiologies | |||||||||
| Viralg | 1169 | (34.4) | 172 | (25.4) | 133 | (15.6) | 99 | (13.3) | |
| Parasitich | 280 | (8.2) | 41 | (6.1) | 54 | (6.4) | 15 | (2.0) | |
| Other bacteriai | 615 | (18.1) | 168 | (24.9) | 185 | (21.7) | 61 | (8.2) |
Abbreviations: E. coli, Escherichia coli; EAEC, enteroaggregative Escherichia coli; LAZ, length for age z-score; LT-ETEC, heat-labile enterotoxin-producing E. coli; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; qPCR; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; STEC, Shiga toxin producing E. coli; ST-ETEC, heat-stable enterotoxin-producing E. coli; tEPEC, typical enteropathogenic E. coli.
a ipaH Ct value ≥35.
b27.9 ≤ ipaH Ct <35.
c ipaH Ct value <27.9.
dAbsent by qPCR (n = 18 [2.4%]), present below diarrhea-associated quantity (n = 30 [4.0%]), present at, or above, diarrhea associated quantity (n = 697 [93.6%]).
eAmong those ≥6 months of age (in whom MUAC is validated).
fAs derived in Kotloff et al, Vaccine, 2017.
gSite and age-adjusted attributable fraction ≥.5 for any of the following: adenovirus, astrovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, sapovirus, adenovirus.
hSite and age-adjusted attributable fraction ≥.5 for any of the following: Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora, Isospora.
iSite and age-adjusted attributable fraction ≥.5 for any of the following: H. pylori, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Salmonella, V. cholerae, EAEC, ST-ETEC, LT-ETEC, tEPEC, STEC.