Table 1.
Patient Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes and Provider Characteristics Among COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients in April, May, June, or July
| Characteristics | April | May | June | July | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%)/Mean (SD) | No. (%)/Mean (SD) | No. (%)/Mean (SD) | No. (%)/Mean (SD) | ||
| Total No. | 21,736 | 11,640 | 9,159 | 10,729 | |
| Deceased, No. (%) | 4,543 (20.9) | 1552 (13.3) | 853 (9.3) | 825 (7.7) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 9.37 (10.12) | 9.02 (9.56) | 7.47 (7.22) | 5.30 (4.31) | <.0001 |
| Age y (continuous) | 64.13 (17.05) | 61.02 (19.28) | 58.04 (19.36) | 58.84 (19.19) | <.0001 |
| Age y (categorical), no. (%) | |||||
| <18 | 107 (0.5) | 158 (1.4) | 93 (1.0) | 132 (1.2) | |
| 18–39 | 1,966 (9.0) | 1,629 (14.0) | 1,765 (19.3) | 1,824 (17.0) | <.0001 |
| 40–49 | 2,075 (9.5) | 1,294 (11.1) | 1,134 (12.4) | 1,323 (12.3) | |
| 50–59 | 3,645 (16.8) | 1,906 (16.4) | 1,565 (17.1) | 1,811 (16.9) | |
| 60–69 | 5,029 (23.1) | 2,307 (19.8) | 1,676 (18.3) | 2,110 (19.7) | |
| 70–79 | 4,319 (19.9) | 2,063 (17.7) | 1,519 (16.6) | 1,851 (17.3) | |
| 80+ | 4,595 (21.1) | 2,283 (19.6) | 1,407 (15.4) | 1,678 (15.6) | |
| Sex, no. (%) | |||||
| Male | 11,656 (53.6) | 5,843 (50.2) | 4,501 (49.1) | 5,282 (49.2) | <.0001 |
| Female | 10,080 (46.4) | 5,797 (49.8) | 4,658 (50.9) | 5,447 (50.8) | |
| Race, no. (%) | |||||
| White | 8,649 (39.8) | 5,429 (46.6) | 4,730 (51.6) | 6,091 (56.8) | <.0001 |
| African American | 5,017 (23.1) | 2,573 (22.1) | 2,165 (23.6) | 2,644 (24.6) | |
| Other/Unknown | 8,070 (37.1) | 3,638 (31.3) | 2,264 (24.7) | 1,994 (18.6) | |
| Payer, no. (%) | |||||
| Commercial | 4,735 (21.8) | 2,327 (20.0) | 2,251 (24.6) | 2,739 (25.5) | <.0001 |
| Medicare | 11,589 (53.3) | 5,740 (49.3) | 3,944 (43.1) | 4,854 (45.2) | |
| Medicaid | 4,020 (18.5) | 2,472 (21.2) | 1,603 (17.5) | 1,661 (15.5) | |
| Other | 1392 (6.4) | 1,101 (9.5) | 1361 (14.9) | 1,475 (13.7) | |
| Marital status, no. (%) | |||||
| Single | 11,867 (54.6) | 6,602 (56.7) | 4,937 (53.9) | 5,609 (52.3) | <.0001 |
| Married | 8,089 (37.2) | 3,996 (34.3) | 3,658 (39.9) | 4,611 (43.0) | |
| Other/Missing | 1,780 (8.2) | 1,042 (9.0) | 564 (6.2) | 509 (4.7) | |
| Elixhauser score (continuous), no. (%) | 3.71 (2.27) | 3.71 (2.40) | 3.34 (2.30) | 3.20 (2.16) | <.0001 |
| Elixhauser score (categorical), no. (%) | |||||
| 0 | 1,308 (6.0) | 957 (8.2) | 916 (10.0) | 1,067 (9.9) | <.0001 |
| 1–2 | 5,816 (26.8) | 3,007 (25.8) | 2,773 (30.3) | 3,369 (31.4) | |
| 3–4 | 7,336 (33.8) | 3,621 (31.1) | 2,836 (31.0) | 3,559 (33.2) | |
| ≥5 | 7,276 (33.5) | 4,055 (34.8) | 2,634 (28.8) | 2,734 (25.5) | |
| Hospital location, no. (%) | |||||
| Urban | 20,636 (94.9) | 10,892 (93.6) | 8,469 (92.5) | 9,527 (88.8) | <.0001 |
| Rural | 1,100 (5.1) | 748 (6.4) | 690 (7.5) | 1202 (11.2) | |
| No. of beds | |||||
| 0–299 | 6,989 (32.2) | 3,720 (32.0) | 2,789 (30.5) | 3,652 (34.0) | .0188 |
| 300–499 | 6,815 (31.4) | 3,659 (31.4) | 2,768 (30.2) | 3,112 (29.0) | |
| ≥500 | 7,932 (36.5) | 4,261 (36.6) | 3,602 (39.3) | 3,965 (37.0) | |
| Teaching hospital, no. (%) | |||||
| No | 8,103 (37.3) | 5,270 (45.3) | 4,722 (51.6) | 5,971 (55.7) | <.0001 |
| Yes | 13,633 (62.7) | 6,370 (54.7) | 4,437 (48.4) | 4,758 (44.3) | |
| Provider region, no. (%) | |||||
| Northeast | 12,992 (59.8) | 3,954 (34.0) | 1,182 (12.9) | 667 (6.2) | <.0001 |
| Midwest | 3,845 (17.7) | 3,410 (29.3) | 1,794 (19.6) | 1,761 (16.4) | |
| West | 515 (2.4) | 311 (2.7) | 505 (5.5) | 611 (5.7) | |
| South | 4,384 (20.2) | 3,965 (34.1) | 5,678 (62.0) | 7,690 (71.7) | |
| Admission to ICU | 5,139 (23.6) | 2,966 (25.5) | 2,214 (24.2) | 2,006 (18.7) | <.0001 |
| Mechanical ventilator | 4,192 (19.3) | 1,823 (15.7) | 1,010 (11.0) | 713 (6.6) | <.0001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 11,344 (52.2) | 1,060 (9.1) | 102 (1.1) | 101 (0.9) | <.0001 |
| Azithromycin | 11,253 (51.8) | 4,631 (39.8) | 3,809 (41.6) | 4,479 (41.7) | <.0001 |
| Remdesivir | 79 (0.4) | 651 (5.6) | 1,199 (13.1) | 1,138 (10.6) | <.0001 |
| convalescent plasma | 339 (1.6) | 359 (3.1) | 285 (3.1) | 250 (2.3) | <.0001 |
| Anticoagulants | 18,905 (87.0) | 10,244 (88.0) | 7,875 (86.0) | 9,117 (85.0) | <.0001 |
| Dexamethasone | 1,032 (4.7) | 958 (8.2) | 3,143 (34.3) | 6566 (61.2) | <.0001 |
| Methylprednisolone | 5,084 (23.4) | 2,562 (22.0) | 1,781 (19.4) | 1,125 (10.5) | <.0001 |
| Patients admitted to ICU, no. | 5,139 | 2,966 | 2,214 | 2,006 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 2,095 (40.8) | 976 (32.9) | 605 (27.3) | 545 (27.2) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 16.59 (14.20) | 15.48 (12.75) | 12.26 (9.29) | 8.07 (5.66) | <.0001 |
| Patients Aged under 18, no. | 107 | 158 | 93 | 132 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | .1727 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 6.69 (9.35) | 5.25 (7.65) | 4.30 (4.05) | 3.08 (2.75) | <.0001 |
| Patients aged 18–39 y, no. | 1,966 | 1,629 | 1,765 | 1,824 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 58 (3.0) | 23 (1.4) | 16 (0.9) | 21 (1.2) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 6.26 (8.34) | 5.66 (7.60) | 4.55 (4.41) | 3.66 (3.17) | <.0001 |
| Patients aged 40–49 y, no. | 2075 | 1,294 | 1,134 | 1,323 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 128 (6.2) | 67 (5.2) | 43 (3.8) | 35 (2.6) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 8.41 (10.23) | 8.13 (9.36) | 6.68 (6.67) | 4.83 (3.62) | <.0001 |
| Patients aged 50–59 y, no. | 3,645 | 1,906 | 1,565 | 1,811 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 429 (11.8) | 174 (9.1) | 103 (6.6) | 67 (3.7) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 9.94 (11.46) | 9.68 (10.23) | 7.78 (7.78) | 5.35 (4.30) | <.0001 |
| Patients aged 60–69 y, no. | 5,029 | 2,307 | 1676 | 2,110 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 967 (19.2) | 360 (15.6) | 176 (10.5) | 177 (8.4) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 10.58 (10.91) | 10.39 (10.38) | 8.81 (7.94) | 5.84 (4.60) | <.0001 |
| Patients aged 70–79 y, no. | 4,319 | 2063 | 1519 | 1851 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 1,289 (29.8) | 411 (19.9) | 232 (15.3) | 222 (12.0) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 9.93 (9.76) | 10.63 (10.03) | 8.86 (7.77) | 6.08 (4.78) | <.0001 |
| Patients aged ≥80 y, no. | 4595 | 2283 | 1407 | 1678 | |
| Deceased, no. (%) | 1,671 (36.4) | 517 (22.6) | 283 (20.1) | 303 (18.1) | <.0001 |
| LOS, d (mean) | 8.88 (8.63) | 8.79 (8.35) | 8.57 (7.26) | 6.00 (4.49) | <.0001 |
Note. COVID-19, the novel coronavirus 2; SD, standard deviation; LOS, length of stay; ICU, Intensive care unit.
a
P values were based on Pearson’s correlation tests for linear trend for continuous, ordinary, and dichotomous variables; and P values were based on χ2 tests for nonordinary categorical variables (eg, race, payer, and marital status).