Figure 5.

Induction of cytokine expression in dTHP-1 cells treated with GAS EVs. 10 µg of EVs solution was treated with dTHP-1 cells and incubated for 4 h at 37°C. Total RNA extracted from the cells were used for transcriptional level of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1 beta, and IL-18 by using real-time PCR assay (A), and the supernatants were directly used for ELISA assays of IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1 beta (B). PBS-treated dTHP-1 cells were used as a control for the experiments, and all experiments were performed in triplicate. Data in this analysis represent the mean ± SEM of independent experiments. P-values calculated by two-tailed Student’s t-test. *P<0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.