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. 2021 Jul 19;9:719047. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.719047

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Counter-regulation and balance of type 1 and type 2 inflammatory responses dictate repair outcome. Stimulation of a type 1 immune response produces cytokines that stimulate innate (IL1β, TNFα, IL6, and IL1) and adaptive (IL12, IFNγ, and IL17) immune response. Similarly, release of IL4, IL5, and IL33 induces a type 2 immune response, while IL10 acts primarily to resolve acutely produced type 1 cytokines. Type 1 and type 2 cytokines counter-regulate, to establish the predominant immune signature. Importantly, effective tissue regeneration depends on the balance of inflammatory programs, where overactive type 1 inflammation can result in sudden inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or cytokine storm, while excessive type 2 inflammation drives tissue fibrosis.