Analysis of abnormal cerebral structural and vascular voxel count and spatial co-localization in chronic TBI and HC subject brains. Abnormal cerebral structural voxels do not always co-localize with abnormal cerebrovascular voxels in chronic TBI (Left panel, I), and abnormal voxel counts are higher across all imaging modalities in TBI subjects, as compared with HC individuals (Right panel, II, a–d). Panel I Chord diagram of mean abnormal volume size in ccm in our chronic TBI group. On average, each imaging modality (MD, FA, CBF and CVR) shows several abnormal volumes with a voxel-based analysis. A small part of these quantities in one modality is shared (∩) with another modality. For example, a subject in our chronic TBI group has a total brain volume of 73.8ccm with abnormal MD measures; 1.2ccm of this volume (73.8ccm) also has an abnormal FA value (FA ∩ MD); 1.3ccm has an abnormal CVR value (CVR ∩ MD) and 2.3ccm has an abnormal CBF value (CBF ∩ MD). Panel II; There was a statistically significant increase in average abnormal voxel counts in the brains of TBI patients compared to healthy control subjects, across all modalities (II, a–d, Mann Whitney, p < 0.05; Error bars represent ± SD. HC, n = 14; TBI, n = 27. ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; ccm, cubic centimeter.