NOMO1 restricts the lumen of the ER.A, increasing expression of FLAG-NOMO1 in U2OS cells using PDI as the ER marker. All scale bars are 10 μm. B, HeLa cells transfected with the empty vector pcDNA3 as a control. The white box in the top panel identifies selected zoomed ER membrane area in the bottom panel. C, HeLa cells transfected with FLAG-NOMO1. The white box in top panel identifies selected zoomed ER membrane area in bottom panel. D, intermembrane space of HeLa cell ER and NE from panels B and C. Asterisks indicate p < 0.0001. E, intermembrane space of ER and NE cross-sections of U2OS cells treated with the respective siRNAs. Asterisks indicate p < 0.0001. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; NE, nuclear envelope; NOMO1, nodal modulator 1; ns, not significant; PDI, protein disulfide isomerase.